| Topic: |
Religions > Atheism |
| User: |
"Dianelos Georgoudis" |
| Date: |
08 Jun 2006 02:34:12 AM |
| Object: |
Let's poke some fun at Plantinga |
Milan wrote:
"Dianelos Georgoudis" <dianelos@tecapro.com> wrote in message
news:1149666931.966173.210220@j55g2000cwa.googlegroups.com...
Milan wrote:
"Dianelos Georgoudis" <dianelos@tecapro.com> wrote in message
[snip]
Plantinga's proof fell like a bombshell in the circles of atheist
philosophy (easily 90% of academic philosophy) when he published it in
his book "God and Other Minds" in 1967. Significantly no errors
were found in his proof since then, even though some improvements were
suggested. So, as Gandalf pointed out, Plantinga single-handedly
managed a very impressive intellectual feat: to transform atheism's
centuries old and well established "logical proof from evil"
(widely considered to be the best argument for atheism by far) into
the
conceptually much weaker "evidential argument from evil" which only
claims that the existence of evil makes the existence of God
improbable. In fact, some consider Plantinga to be one of the greatest
philosophers of the second half of 20th century.
Plantinga's "proof" reminds me of an article I read some time ago
explaining
how it is possible for Superman to be able to fly at twice the speed of
light -which is something widely regarded to violate the theory of
relativity. I cannot remember the argument but the article was rather
persuasive. Such article might convince those of a Plantingan bend of
mind
that the arguments against the existence of Superman have been weakened.
Those of a non-Plantingan bend of mind realize that to refute the
argument
that a certain entity can or cannot do something is irrelevant if no
evidence for such entity exists.
It's a matter of objective fact that after Plantinga published his
defense in 1967 atheist philosophers stopped speaking of the "logical
proof from evil" of the non-existence of God and started speaking of
the much weaker "evidential argument from evil", in this way
backtracking on the best argument they had against the existence of God
as understood by monotheism. So, contrary to what you claim above,
Plantinga's arguments did convince and change the claims of many a
serious thinker who is not of a "Plantingan bend of mind".
It might be very entertaining in some circles that dont see theology as a
branch of ignorance to discuss about what the tribal god of the israelites
can or cannot do.
Oh well, you are aware of course that some circles see atheism as a
branch of ignorance.
In any case this is not an argument.
But it should be rather obvious that such activities are
but masturbatory exercises that would have been more appreciated in the
middle ages.
idem
As Dennett jocularly defines "Planting" in his hilarious
Philosophical Lexicon: planting, v. To use twentieth-century fertilizer to
encourage new shoots from eleventh -century ideas which everyone thought had
gone to seed; hence, plantinger, n. one who plantings. Plantinga deserves
another entry in the Lexicon: alvinize, v. To stimulate protracted
discussion by making a bizarre claim. "His contention that natural evil is
due to Satanic agency alvinized his listeners."
Actually that is funny, but of course not an argument either.
Incidentally Plantinga in his free will defense does not claim that
"natural evil is due to Satanic agency" - he only points out that
it is logically possible.
In general it is a fact is that much of what is happening in academic
circles of philosophy and of science takes several decades to filter
down into the popular mindset. For example Einstein was a scientific
realist who thought it is self-evident that the physical universe has
some basic properties (e.g. locality) but this has recently been proven
wrong experimentally. In fact, scientific realists cannot agree even on
the most basic descriptive properties of physical reality, and some
propose descriptions that are far more fantastic than, say, John's
Apocalypse. Still according to the popular mindset the
realist/materialist understanding of reality is as reasonable and as
solid as ever with few remaining problems left which are being ironed
out; well in fact it isn't so and maybe one is justified to interpret
the continuation of these beliefs contrary to evidence as mass delusion
and wishful thinking. Most people feel sure that science requires the
assumption that there is a real physical universe out there, when in
fact it isn't so either. The latest claim is very easy to prove: If
there isn't in fact a physical universe at all but only God directly
feeding us conscious experience science and technology would have
advanced exactly the same and would have no means to notice something
being amiss - therefore the assumption that there is a physical
universe out there is not necessary for science and technology. In
short most strongly felt beliefs about materialism in the popular
mindscape are in fact mythological beliefs because they are factually
wrong.
Your anti naturalist tirade is sort of interesting but rather off topic.
First of all above I argued against materialism, which at least enjoys
some kind of definition. The definition that naturalism as the view
that nothing supernatural exists is clearly circular. If you can give a
coherent definition of naturalism I'd like to hear it.
It
is indeed possible that there is not a physical universe but "God" (whatever
you might mean by that word), or Chtulhu, are feeding us our perceptions,
and in fact we are inmaterial (whatever that might mean) minds floating in a
vacuum made of nothingness. Maybe we are the dream of the green ants. Maybe
somebody in a village outside Birmingham is dreaming everything else. Maybe
there is a physical universe but it is completely different from what we see
and I think that I'm typing on my keyboard but in fact I am fingering the
***** of some horrific monster with three heads. Maybe the universe was
created by "God" or Chtulhu last Thursday with everything in it including
fossils and our memories. All these scenarios are possible and we cannot
really falsify such claims. We then choose the simplest and most
parsimonious hypothesis (which by the way has the advantage of not requiring
the inclusion of the gratuitous hypothesis "God"): that in fact there is a
physical world.
I like your passion and I agree with your principle that we must
"choose the simplest and most parsimonious hypothesis". And of course I
agree that the physical universe exists. What I don't agree is that it
exists as an external independent entity, i.e. as something that would
exist even if no persons existed (the latest bit is an excellent
example of a claim that is self-negating), and that it is the place in
which we ourselves exist. I think the physical universe exists as the
best way we can make sense of a large part of our conscious experience
- in other words the universe is a model we build (starting as infants)
in order to understand our experiences. Which does not imply in any
way, shape or manner that therefore we somehow "create" the physical
universe. For example if you see a series of dots on a paper and you
notice that they lie on a circle, it's not like you "create" the
circle; rather you detect the circle as a pattern present in the dots.
In the same way we detect the physical universe as a pattern present in
our conscious experience. Think about it - I think you'll find that's
exactly what we do. And of course to detect that pattern is very useful
as a practical matter because, between other things, it helps us avoid
bumping into walls. But to think that this pattern detected in the
field of our conscious experience is something more than just a pattern
detected in the field of our conscious experience is clearly an
arbitrary assumption. And, as materialism/realism shows it's an
assumption that leads one into many paradoxes and hard problems.
Above you poke some fun at Plantinga, but the fact remains that
Plantinga is an exceptionally successful philosopher because he was
able to actually change the tune sung by his philosophical opponents
(something that Dennett, for example, clearly didn't achieve). And it
is also rather funny to see how materialists/realists on the one hand
proudly proclaim that theirs is an *objective* epistemology and on the
other hand disagree ever more deeply between themselves about the basic
properties of their so very objective physical reality.
As for the simplest and most parsimonious hypothesis, as Einstein said,
we must make things as simple as possible but not simpler. You see, our
very own consciousness, the very space of conscious experience in which
we live every second of our waking lives, is not just some small
uncomfortable detail a rational person can easily shove under the rug
and ignore. On the contrary it is the most momentous fact of our
condition, and, not to put a fine point on it, the only thing that
really interests us. And the materialist/realist hypothesis utterly
fails to account for our consciousness and some materialist
philosophers already recognize that this is because of fundamental
reasons and not because we miss some data that neurophysiology has not
yet discovered (in fact consciousness is a scientific non-issue). So
maybe materialism/realism is just too simple.
I define "God" as the deepest explanation for the whole of our
conscious experience (including for the fact that there is conscious
experience in the first place), i.e. as the overarching pattern that
integrates and subsumes all other patterns found in the field of our
conscious experience, the one thing in which all our knowledge becomes
coherent. I use "God" to name this pattern because it displays the
basic properties that the great monotheistic religions have always
claimed for God: namely personhood, perfect goodness, power, wisdom,
etc.
As Simon Blackburn put it: realism is the position of all
philophers when they are off-duty.
I don't know about that. Anti-realism is used some times in relation to
some particular kind of object, e.g. mathematical objects, claiming
that this is not an object that "really" exists. In fact the latter is
the position of eliminative materialists (aka "naive materialists",
i.e. those who believe that only physical things exist - a fringe view
in academic philosophy but quite dominant in popular atheism). There
are very few if any philosophers who positively deny objective reality
in general; anti-realism is usually an agnostic position.
.
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| User: "King Nintendoid" |
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| Title: Re: Let's poke some fun at Plantinga |
14 Jun 2006 09:21:03 PM |
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Colin Day wrote:
And how does theology do better than science at explaining "purpose"?
Colin Day aa #1500
Theology has a more down to earth purpose than science. The purpose of
theology is merely to annoy the ***** out of everyone.
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| User: "wbarwell" |
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| Title: Re: Let's poke some fun at Plantinga |
15 Jun 2006 06:42:47 AM |
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Colin Day wrote:
Gandalf Grey wrote:
Except when it doesn't. Like in the area of offering explanations that
involve "purpose."
Science fails big time at purpose. Which is what theology is all about.
And how does theology do better than science at explaining "purpose"?
It pretends there is a thing called god.
It can't prove it or anything, and most
the gods theology have proposed are
easily debunkable, and everything theology
has said about the natural world for 3000
years is wrong. And yet, people still need a purpose
and will pretend anything to pretend to have a purpose.
Its their childhood metaphyical blankey.
Can't give up the childhood blanket.
--
"I used to think the brain was the most fascinating part
of the body. Then I thought, "Look what's telling me
that."
- Emo Phillips
Cheerful Charlie
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| User: "Gandalf Grey" |
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| Title: Re: Let's poke some fun at Plantinga |
15 Jun 2006 09:49:51 AM |
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"wbarwell" <wbarwell@mylinuxisp.com> wrote in message
news:1292hekd7e3oe33@corp.supernews.com...
Colin Day wrote:
Gandalf Grey wrote:
Except when it doesn't. Like in the area of offering explanations that
involve "purpose."
Science fails big time at purpose. Which is what theology is all about.
And how does theology do better than science at explaining "purpose"?
It pretends there is a thing called god.
It can't prove it or anything, and most
the gods theology have proposed are
easily debunkable
But we have people like Barwell who pretend they can debunk ALL gods in
principle.
Those are people we call "liars."
"wbarwell" <wbarwell@mylinuxisp.com> wrote in message
news:128rh6rcfordnab@corp.supernews.com...
Gandalf Grey wrote:
"wbarwell" <wbarwell@mylinuxisp.com> wrote in message
news:128rb01ands5m28@corp.supernews.com...
What he cannot do is note I did not say that argument covered all the
gods,
That's a lie. You did in fact say it several times, Barwell.
You are incapable of reading or reasoning.
And you're incapable of telling the truth, Barwell.
From: wbarwell <wbarw...@munnnged.mylinuxisp.com>
Newsgroups:
alt.atheism,alt.talk.creationism,alt.philosophy.debate,talk.origins
Subject: Re: Does God Exist?
Date: Sat, 18 Dec 2004 05:42:21 +0000 (UTC)
Message-ID: <cq0gu6$7ru@library2.airnews.net>
References: 1103304751.6b9de4428728e571de47f367dde14ea9@teranews
Barwell wrote:
One cannot prove god exists, but one can easily disprove
god exists. Since god does not exist, that is why he cannot
be proven to exist. Since god can be proven not to exist,
he cannot possibly exist.
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| User: "wbarwell" |
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| Title: Re: Let's poke some fun at Plantinga |
15 Jun 2006 12:30:32 PM |
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Gandalf Grey wrote:
"wbarwell" <wbarwell@mylinuxisp.com> wrote in message
news:1292hekd7e3oe33@corp.supernews.com...
Colin Day wrote:
Gandalf Grey wrote:
Except when it doesn't. Like in the area of offering explanations that
involve "purpose."
Science fails big time at purpose. Which is what theology is all
about.
And how does theology do better than science at explaining "purpose"?
It pretends there is a thing called god.
It can't prove it or anything, and most
the gods theology have proposed are
easily debunkable
But we have people like Barwell who pretend they can debunk ALL gods in
principle.
Those are people we call "liars."
Its easy enough, except for stupid people.
Like you. We take the ideas of gods and break
them down into classes of gods.
The Big Dog here is the class of omni-everything
creator gods which are easy as pie to debunk.
We have other classes of gods, immanent, transcedent, maya gods usualy
cross ocver into teh class of omni-everything gods and fail.
Nature gods fail because they explain nothing, but science does.
Science can explain rain without invoking gods. Nature gioods
are swept away by science.
Myth cycle polytheism usually falls into nature gods
and likewise fail, a few may invoke omni-everything
god oowers and fail along with the class of omni-everything gods.
Pantheism fails.
Deist gods are either again, omni-everything type gods, which
fail or pantheism which fails.
Sooooooo.
How many humndreds of times do I have to explain this to you
before YOU STOP LYING ABOUT WHAT I SAY!
Or is it one of those things, Gandy Gooseboy cannot stop
lying, its not in Gandy Gooseboy's nature?
How many times do you repeat the lie before it becomes
harrasment of me?
The omni-everything gods of bible, vedas, quran is dead.
There are no classes of gods that work, much less can step
into the breach for the dead omni-everything gods.
So stop lying and get your head straight.
There are no real class of gods that can be shown true and all can be
debunked.
Your own precious process theology god has serious problems
with fitting with physics. Its debunked.
Now, stop lying. Stop lying, stop lying.
--
"I used to think the brain was the most fascinating part
of the body. Then I thought, "Look what's telling me
that."
- Emo Phillips
Cheerful Charlie
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| User: "Gandalf Grey" |
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| Title: Re: Let's poke some fun at Plantinga |
15 Jun 2006 12:39:51 PM |
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"wbarwell" <wbarwell@mylinuxisp.com> wrote in message
news:12935r0578o1q43@corp.supernews.com...
Gandalf Grey wrote:
"wbarwell" <wbarwell@mylinuxisp.com> wrote in message
news:1292hekd7e3oe33@corp.supernews.com...
Colin Day wrote:
Gandalf Grey wrote:
Except when it doesn't. Like in the area of offering explanations
that
involve "purpose."
Science fails big time at purpose. Which is what theology is all
about.
And how does theology do better than science at explaining "purpose"?
It pretends there is a thing called god.
It can't prove it or anything, and most
the gods theology have proposed are
easily debunkable
But we have people like Barwell who pretend they can debunk ALL gods in
principle.
Those are people we call "liars."
Its easy enough,
Then you would have done it long ago, Barwell. Your 'class' drivel has been
debunked repeatedly
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| User: "wbarwell" |
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| Title: Re: Let's poke some fun at Plantinga |
16 Jun 2006 12:12:28 PM |
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Gandalf Grey wrote:
Then you would have done it long ago, Barwell. Your 'class' drivel has
been debunked repeatedly
No it hasn't. Not by an ignorant blowhard like you.
CLASSES OF GODS
Once we see that the class of omni-everything, creator
gods cannot possibly exist, that means no particular gods
of that class whatever they may be can be exist. This
also destroys secondary claims about such gods, we need
not consider them much, if this class of gods cannot exist
we need not bother with secondary concepts like god's
simplicity, or infinity, or necessary being. Nor
tertiary claims about Jesus, Mohammed or Moses, creationism,
or similar ideas.
There are no other classes of gods that can step into the
breach and take place of the now debunked omni-everything
creator god.
There are a few classes of possible gods. But none
can withstand scrutiny.
Some classes because they are overlapping with the class
of omni-everything gods.
Immanent gods
Maya gods.
Transcedent gods
Panentheistic gods.
As long as a god is said to be creator of all and
omni-everthing, and all good that god is impossible.
Whether transcendent or immanent does not matter.
Nature gods. Nature gods are an ancient concept.
This god is responsible for crop fertility, or that god
is responsible for rain this goddess over wheat, et al.
Science has banished nature gods. Once one really knows
how rain occurs, no goddesses are needed or explain
that. Or can explain it. There is simply no room left
for nature gods and goddesses. They are thus easily debunked.
These were only hopeful stand-ins for missing scientific
knowledge of ancient cultures.
Many god classes are divided between nature gods and
omni-everything gods.
For example classes of myth cycle gods. Zeus, Hera, Mercury,
or El, Baal, Osiris et al. In late antiquity, Zeus was by a few
pagans, reinterpreted as an omni-everything creator god, about
the equivalent of Jehovah. This concept fails because it is
a member of the omni-everything creator class god.
Otherwise the gods were merely nature gods.
Which because they have been displaced by science and have
nothing to explain, are meaningless and useless concepts.
Pantheism is a concept that essentially is atheistic.
God is merely a name for nature.
Deism can be divided into two kinds of god. Pantheism,
and omni-everything gods said to be little involved with mankind.
In both cases this concept fails.
Animistic gods are essentially nature gods and as such, again
fail.
Basically there are but a few basic classes of gods and
none work. Because so many overlap with debunked classes of gods,
nature gods and omni-everything gods most of these classes are
easily disposed with.
One can erect classes of gods specifically not to be debunkable.
Consider the class of maya gods who are not good or even caring
about us at all. All is illusion, dreams in the minds of gods.
We are but dreams in the mind of god, who has little regard for
us, who is ammoral, who has no knowable goals or aims.
This is hard to debunk, but useless as it does nothing.
its like solipsist arguments, or arguments the word was created
two days ago with all our false memories in place. These sort
of ideas are simply disregarded as useless, rightfully.
Some forms of negative theology gods rightfully fit here.
We are told we can know nothing of god, then these theists
proceed to tell us about gods they say we can know nothing of.
If you can know nothing, you know nothing. A god you can know
nothing about is something that cannot be useful, even if it
did exist.
Lessor spirits, leprechauns, fairies lares, penitates,
et all are again, lessor nature gods. They cannot explain anything
worth knowing and surely make no acceptable substitute for gods.
Process theology gods are gods based on somewhat complex
metaphysical ideas, many a priori, not evidential. This concept
of god has a problem with fitting with modern physics as its
creators admit. It doesn't work.
Similarly, open process theoloogians try to throw out
concepts such as knowing the future that plague basic
omni-everything gods. But problems of theodicy plague
these sort of attempts, it still does not work.
There are not many classes of gods, all fail to withstand scrutiny.
The few that cannot be debunked are useless curiosities, that
don't do anything useful.
The biggest class of gods is the omni-everything, creator class
of gods. Once it is debunked, the remaining possible classes of gods
are not good replacments for this class of gods. One can
systematically work through possible classes of gods and show that
none of them withstand logical scrutiny. Thus we can essentially
debunk all potentially useful gods, logically speaking, based
on general assertions made for such gods. Entire classes
of gods can be debunked at a go.
God it turns out is a concept amazingly easy to debunk by
this simple approach. And the biggest, most powerful, most
important class of gods, the omni-everything, creator god,
is easiest of all to debunk the most thorough.
Strong Atheism can indeed take up the false challenge of theism
to show gods cannot exist and can do the task, Its really the
theists burden of evidence to show their claimed gods exist, which
is never done, there is no evidence. The fact all classes of gods
are debunkable tells us why there is no evidence and why there will
never be any.
In the end, Strong Atheism is king of all, gods are proven to be
merely bad ideas without possible existance. And all religious secondary or
tertiary claims based on the idea of god are also likewise dead and gone.
--
"I used to think the brain was the most fascinating part
of the body. Then I thought, "Look what's telling me
that."
- Emo Phillips
Cheerful Charlie
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| User: "wbarwell" |
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| Title: Re: Let's poke some fun at Plantinga |
09 Jun 2006 12:12:17 AM |
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Gandalf Grey wrote:
Except when it doesn't. Like in the area of offering explanations that
involve "purpose."
Science fails big time at purpose. Which is what theology is all about.
Fact. Science works.
Fact. Theology has long made pronouncements
about the natural world and has a perfect record, always
wrong.
Conclusion, theology has the burden of proof to show that we
should pay their gibberish any attention at all.
I don't see any evidence we should.
The only reason any of this is important is that we
have tens of millions of creationist morons that are a
destructive force, and religious morons that are a
destructive force.
Plantinga is a creationist, and no more right than
the most ignorant creationist wailing a hymn in some pew.
-----
Theology is always wrong. Why should I think that it can
show us 'purpose' with a failed god that does not exist?
Science's answer, "There is no purpose, enjoy life."
I don't need non-existant sky pixies and hateful clowns
like you.
--
"Its the hit dog what yelps."
- Mark Twain
Cheerful Charlie
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| User: "Gandalf Grey" |
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| Title: Re: Barwell tries to Run from His Own Claim |
09 Jun 2006 12:46:42 AM |
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"wbarwell" <wbarwell@mylinuxisp.com> wrote in message
news:128i0c0ndq32r49@corp.supernews.com...
Gandalf Grey wrote:
Except when it doesn't. Like in the area of offering explanations that
involve "purpose."
Science fails big time at purpose. Which is what theology is all about.
Fact. Science works.
Not going to win your argument by holding your breath and repeating
assertions, Barwell.
Science fails UTTERLY at purpose.
Conclusion, theology has the burden of proof to show that we
should pay their gibberish any attention at all.
Not when you're the one making positive universal assertions that there is
no god. Then it becomes YOUR burden of proof. So far, you're flopping big
time.
Relativists have a perfect right to ignore those of us who believe in facts.
But when a relativist comes out and states as a universal claim that there
is no truth, then it's THEIR burden to provide the proof.
You're an intellectual fraud, Barwell. You've got no argument and your only
hope at this point is to try to shift the burden of proof to others. Sorry,
it's not my job to make your argument for you.
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| User: "wbarwell" |
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| Title: Gandy sobs and cries |
09 Jun 2006 05:45:27 AM |
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Gandalf Grey wrote:
Not going to win your argument by holding your breath and repeating
assertions, Barwell.
Science fails UTTERLY at purpose.
There is no purpose.
Now, don't cry and swill.
The truth is the truth and that
is that. Now run along and play.
We have some big people talking to do.
--
"Its the hit dog what yelps."
- Mark Twain
Cheerful Charlie
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| User: "Gandalf Grey" |
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| Title: Re: Barwell soils himself. |
09 Jun 2006 10:08:10 AM |
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"wbarwell" <wbarwell@mylinuxisp.com> wrote in message
news:128ijsklk1se36a@corp.supernews.com...
Gandalf Grey wrote:
Not going to win your argument by holding your breath and repeating
assertions, Barwell.
Science fails UTTERLY at purpose.
There is no purpose.
My point exactly. So long as science's answer to life is that there is no
purpose, it has no business in the religious realm.
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| User: "wbarwell" |
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| Title: Gandy shits off at the mouth |
09 Jun 2006 04:20:03 PM |
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Gandalf Grey wrote:
"wbarwell" <wbarwell@mylinuxisp.com> wrote in message
news:128ijsklk1se36a@corp.supernews.com...
Gandalf Grey wrote:
Not going to win your argument by holding your breath and repeating
assertions, Barwell.
Science fails UTTERLY at purpose.
There is no purpose.
My point exactly. So long as science's answer to life is that there is no
purpose, it has no business in the religious realm.
Religion has nothing but drivel.
Non-existant gods can't provide purpose
the the purposeless Universe.
I can see by your shrill and hysterical posts
that you need a sky pixie. But reality doesn't
have a sky pixie, sorry.
Religion has no realm, except peddling ***** and
nonsense along with its twin sisters pseudoscience,
and occultism.
Sorry, but this is life, take it up with the godless Universe
if it bothers you.
--
"Its the hit dog what yelps."
- Mark Twain
Cheerful Charlie
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| User: "Gandalf Grey" |
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| Title: Re: Barwell's Hysteria leads to Obscenity: [Was] Gandy shits off at the mouth |
09 Jun 2006 04:25:42 PM |
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"wbarwell" <wbarwell@mylinuxisp.com> wrote in message
news:128jp2dtd2o8a28@corp.supernews.com...
Gandalf Grey wrote:
"wbarwell" <wbarwell@mylinuxisp.com> wrote in message
news:128ijsklk1se36a@corp.supernews.com...
Gandalf Grey wrote:
Not going to win your argument by holding your breath and repeating
assertions, Barwell.
Science fails UTTERLY at purpose.
There is no purpose.
My point exactly. So long as science's answer to life is that there is
no
purpose, it has no business in the religious realm.
Religion has nothing but drivel.
Actually, Barwell: YOU have nothing but drivel.
Pretty much everyone on the group knows that by now, but let's look again at
why.
"wbarwell" <wbarwell@mylinuxisp.com> wrote in message
news:128hvqatou6i9bf@corp.supernews.com...
What process theology does is redefine omnipotence.
1. William Barwell does not understand Process Theology.
2. This remark on the part of Barwell leads to a complete verification of
the comments that started this thread.
Some quoting will be necessary in the argument to follow:
http://www.context.org/ICLIB/IC24/Griffin.htm
David Ray Griffin quote:
David: Yes. One of the central features of the pan-en-theistic view is
that
the divine creative power of the universe is a persuasive, evocative power
rather than a coercive power that works unilaterally. God influences us
not
by determining what we're going to do, or by external threats as depicted
in traditional theism, but rather by seeking to whet our appetites for
better ways of being - for the values of truth, beauty, goodness, and so
on. This is the one and only way that God works in the world, by
persuading
us.
To which Barlow writes:
This is utter ***** too.
Those who read this thread will recall one of my three points concerning
omnipotence. It has definite application to this post.
Let me requote it here in full before I comment.
"2. Anti-theists such as Antony Flew, Roland Puccetti and Dewey Hoitenga
have
done their best to insist that medieval catholic theology is the only 'true
form' of Christianity for no other apparent reason than that medieval
catholic theology is a convenient strawman to attack. So while, they
encourage Christians to stick to an Augustinian definition of "Omnipotence"
they simultaneously attack the view as logically contradictory.
Hence, methodologically and politically...for the anti-theists...all other
religious views are discardable because no other religious view is so
convenient for their polemics. This makes the traditional view of
omnipotence more of a theoretical need for anti-theists than it is a logical
necessity in assertions concerning the existence of god. Theists, agnostics
and clear thinkers should not be accepting a view of god merely because
anti-theists find it a convenient target for criticisms that seem unable to
handle anything that is not medieval catholic theology"
We see here, in Barwell's response, an excellent example of what I was
referring to in the paragraph above. Rather than embracing any new theology
as at least a novel approach to what the anti-theist must [according to
their own critiques] consider to be a already debunked scholastic theology,
Barwell rejects this non-traditional approach [to the extent that he
understands it] as being completely invalid.
This is an example of what I meant when I noted that part of the problem of
omnipotence is that anti-theists require a "vulnerable opponent," and that
this need is so great that they will create a vulnerable opponent if they
can't find one. When confronted by believers in non-traditional theologies,
they accomplish this by insisting that scholastic theology is the only
'True' Christianity while they're simultaneously busy tearing scholastic
theology to shreds. It's an example of "I'll tell you what you have to
believe and then I'll tell you why it's wrong."
Certainly, modern christians and believers of all stripes have the right to
believe whatever they wish. If they have rational arguments for those
beliefs, then it would seem only proper that those arguments, like every
other rational argument should be allowed to stand or fall on their own
merits. But this, the anti-theists cannot allow.
I take it as unassailably true that it would be contradictory for an
anti-theist to insist that a modern theology MUST fail automatically, for
the very reason that it does not resemble the traditional theology that the
anti-theist has already rejected. IF it is contradictory to believe in the
scholastic view of god, then surely it is doubly contradictory for the
anti-theist to insist that one must believe in the scholastic view of god.
Yet, here is exactly what we find Barwell resorting to.
Note this further quote from Barwell's response.
Barwell wrote:
Griffin here is just beyond ignorant.
Many ideas about god that were non-traditional were thoroughly
stamped out in 1277 when a reaction to this sort of attacks
on old and settled theology were quashed. In fact attacks
on such things go back further, John Scottus Eirugenis
for example attacked and was attacked over such issues
in the 9th century.
"Old and SETTLED."???
Settled by whom? "quashed" by whom? Anti-theists? I hardly think so.
You'd look under a lot of European rocks in the 9th. Century before you'd
find an admitted atheist. Non traditional theologies have been and continue
to be attacked BY TRADITIONAL THEOLOGIANS. And what tradition do these
theologians ascribed to? THE VERY TRADITION THAT BARWELL ATTACKS AS BEING
CONTRADICTORY.
Now it seems odd that Barwell would be joining hands with the very
theologians he believes he's proven to be utterly wrong about theology in
their attacks against non-traditional theology. Why would Barwell do this?
If anything, one would think that he would be applauding the non-traditional
theologians because they too attack traditional theology. Perhaps he
believes they're wrong as well. If so, we see no clue to that in his
writings; only dismissive comments that they are not traditional. To nod my
head to a pop culture reference: Well, DUH! One would think that Barwell
would at least give them a rousing hand for trying to fight the ignorance of
the scholastic point of view that the anti-theists are so proud of pointing
out. But no. He has nothing but contempt for neo-theologies even though he
never seems to know what to say about their actual details.
The problem for Barwell is that neo-theology presents a different set of
problems for anti-theists, problems that Barwell is apparently unequipped to
deal with.
Another quote from Barwell's response is in order:
Barwell wrote:
Gandy has bought into this trash too.
Griffin knows zip about ecclesiatical history and the
history of theology.
Its revisionism of the worst sort.
Now, read Barlow's comments with fresh eyes. At first glance, one would
almost think that the above was written by a full-fledged Catholic zealot.
Why in heaven's name would Barwell care whether neo-theologians know zip
about ecclesiastical history when Barwell rejects that history as productive
of nothing but error. No. For some reason, Barwell suddenly sounds like a
papist. Barwell is suddenly a defender of "the Faith" against
neo-theological "heresies." They're "revisionism of the worst sort." One
can almost smell the heated iron as Barwell readies the instruments of the
Holy Inquisition. But why would even the beginnings of a revision of a
purportedly wrong idea be a bad thing? Since Barwell supposedly rejects
scholasticism with what [he at least] refers to as unassailable arguments,
one would think that at the least a little revisionism is in order.
The conclusion is inescapable. The point is sad and simple and obvious.
Barwell NEEDS theology to stay in the medieval era. He needs it because THE
ONLY WAY HIS OUTDATED ARGUMENTS CAN WORK IS AGAINST AN OUTDATED THEOLOGY.
It's particularly sad to see anti-theists operating in such an underhanded
fashion, and I can only hope that Barwell represents a minority of atheistic
opinion and methodology. One would think that an honest difference of
opinion would lead to honest debate. But the Barwell version of anti-theism
must have its strawman, and in order to get that strawman it must keep
theology in the dark ages.
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| User: "Matt Silberstein" |
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| Title: Re: Let's poke some fun at Plantinga |
09 Jun 2006 01:01:40 AM |
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On Thu, 8 Jun 2006 20:19:58 -0700, in alt.atheism , "Gandalf Grey"
<gandalfgrey@infectedmail.com> in
<4488e8e3$0$18507$9a6e19ea@news.newshosting.com> wrote:
"wbarwell" <wbarwell@mylinuxisp.com> wrote in message
news:128ho9kbjldu0ce@corp.supernews.com...
Matt Silberstein wrote:
On Thu, 8 Jun 2006 11:15:45 -0700, in alt.atheism , "Gandalf Grey"
<gandalfgrey@infectedmail.com> in
<4488692f$0$18521$9a6e19ea@news.newshosting.com> wrote:
"Immortalist" <reanimater_2000@yahoo.com> wrote in message
news:1149788917.485031.157420@h76g2000cwa.googlegroups.com...
There is no higher tribunal for truth than natural science itself.
Assertion
There is no better method than the scientific method for judging the
claims of science
True.
, and there is neither any need nor any place for a
"first philosophy", such as (abstract) metaphysics or epistemology,
that could stand behind and justify science or the scientific method.
Unsupported assertion.
In fact, false. That is, the statement Immortalist made above
regarding science are metaphysical.
Fact. Science works.
Except when it doesn't. Like in the area of offering explanations that
involve "purpose."
Science fails big time at purpose. Which is what theology is all about.
I strongly disagree with you. Science can certainly deal with purpose.
Nor do I see how theology is particularly about purpose. Do you deny
that humans have purpose or is theology about humans? What science
can't do is provide norms. Science can tell us where a thrown rock is
likely to land and the likely results, it can't tell us if the action
is right or not.
--
Matt Silberstein
Do something today about the Darfur Genocide
http://www.beawitness.org
http://www.darfurgenocide.org
http://www.savedarfur.org
"Darfur: A Genocide We can Stop"
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| User: "Gandalf Grey" |
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| Title: Re: Let's poke some fun at Plantinga |
09 Jun 2006 01:53:40 AM |
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"Matt Silberstein" <RemoveThisPrefixmatts2nospam@ix.netcom.com> wrote in
message news:ii3i82trsris0e9k0q270cu72470l1qp19@4ax.com...
On Thu, 8 Jun 2006 20:19:58 -0700, in alt.atheism , "Gandalf Grey"
<gandalfgrey@infectedmail.com> in
<4488e8e3$0$18507$9a6e19ea@news.newshosting.com> wrote:
"wbarwell" <wbarwell@mylinuxisp.com> wrote in message
news:128ho9kbjldu0ce@corp.supernews.com...
Matt Silberstein wrote:
On Thu, 8 Jun 2006 11:15:45 -0700, in alt.atheism , "Gandalf Grey"
<gandalfgrey@infectedmail.com> in
<4488692f$0$18521$9a6e19ea@news.newshosting.com> wrote:
"Immortalist" <reanimater_2000@yahoo.com> wrote in message
news:1149788917.485031.157420@h76g2000cwa.googlegroups.com...
There is no higher tribunal for truth than natural science itself.
Assertion
There is no better method than the scientific method for judging the
claims of science
True.
, and there is neither any need nor any place for a
"first philosophy", such as (abstract) metaphysics or epistemology,
that could stand behind and justify science or the scientific method.
Unsupported assertion.
In fact, false. That is, the statement Immortalist made above
regarding science are metaphysical.
Fact. Science works.
Except when it doesn't. Like in the area of offering explanations that
involve "purpose."
Science fails big time at purpose. Which is what theology is all about.
I strongly disagree with you. Science can certainly deal with purpose.
How? What is the purpose of Life? What is the purpose of the Universe?
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| User: "Peter" |
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| Title: Re: Let's poke some fun at Gandalf Grey |
09 Jun 2006 11:26:04 AM |
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"Gandalf Grey" :
What is the purpose of Life?
LIFE, n. A spiritual pickle preserving the body from decay. We live
in daily apprehension of its loss; yet when lost it is not missed.
The question, "Is life worth living?" has been much discussed;
particularly by those who think it is not, many of whom have written
at great length in support of their view and by careful observance of
the laws of health enjoyed for long terms of years the honors of
successful controversy.
"Life's not worth living, and that's the truth,"
Carelessly caroled the golden youth.
In manhood still he maintained that view
And held it more strongly the older he grew.
When kicked by a jackass at eighty-three,
"Go fetch me a surgeon at once!" cried he.
Han Soper
http://sunsite3.berkeley.edu/Literature/Bierce/DevilsDictionary/K-O.html
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| User: "Gandalf Grey" |
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| Title: Re: Let's poke some fun at Pitt |
09 Jun 2006 11:30:42 AM |
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"Peter" <peter@wherisya.com> wrote in message
news:b4qdnT2tOvDqAhTZnZ2dnUVZ_vGdnZ2d@comcast.com...
"Gandalf Grey" :
What is the purpose of Life?
LIFE, n. A spiritual pickle
Thanks for proving that science can't answer that question.
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| User: "John Jarndyce" |
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| Title: Re: Let's poke some fun at Pitt |
10 Jun 2006 10:26:04 PM |
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"Gandalf Grey" <gandalfgrey@infectedmail.com> wrote in message
news:4489a20d$0$18499$9a6e19ea@news.newshosting.com
"Peter" <peter@wherisya.com> wrote in message
news:b4qdnT2tOvDqAhTZnZ2dnUVZ_vGdnZ2d@comcast.com...
"Gandalf Grey" :
What is the purpose of Life?
LIFE, n. A spiritual pickle
Thanks for proving that science can't answer that question.
Thanks for proving that you have no sense of humor. 8^)
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| User: "wbarwell" |
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| Title: Re: Let's poke some fun at Plantinga |
09 Jun 2006 05:43:20 AM |
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Gandalf Grey wrote:
Science fails big time at purpose. Which is what theology is all about.
I strongly disagree with you. Science can certainly deal with purpose.
How? What is the purpose of Life? What is the purpose of the Universe?
There is no purpose.
--
"Its the hit dog what yelps."
- Mark Twain
Cheerful Charlie
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| User: "Gandalf Grey" |
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| Title: Re: Let's poke some fun at Barwell |
09 Jun 2006 10:08:07 AM |
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"wbarwell" <wbarwell@mylinuxisp.com> wrote in message
news:128ijolgkacq606@corp.supernews.com...
Gandalf Grey wrote:
Science fails big time at purpose. Which is what theology is all about.
I strongly disagree with you. Science can certainly deal with purpose.
How? What is the purpose of Life? What is the purpose of the Universe?
There is no purpose.
How sad for you. Stay away from sharp objects and never be far from a few
friends...or people you can pay to be your friends.
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| User: "Dianelos Georgoudis" |
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| Title: Re: Let's poke some fun at Plantinga |
09 Jun 2006 03:01:04 PM |
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Matt Silberstein wrote:
On Thu, 8 Jun 2006 20:19:58 -0700, in alt.atheism , "Gandalf Grey"
<gandalfgrey@infectedmail.com> in
<4488e8e3$0$18507$9a6e19ea@news.newshosting.com> wrote:
[snip]
Science fails big time at purpose. Which is what theology is all about.
I strongly disagree with you. Science can certainly deal with purpose.
Nor do I see how theology is particularly about purpose. Do you deny
that humans have purpose or is theology about humans? What science
can't do is provide norms. Science can tell us where a thrown rock is
likely to land and the likely results, it can't tell us if the action
is right or not.
Right, so which field of knowledge studies the later question? Ethics,
of course.
Now ethics is very important in a practical sense. Science can tell us
how to efficiently achieve what we want to do, but only ethics tells us
what we *should* want to do the first place. So in this sense ethical
knowledge is more fundamental than science.
Now, without theology ethics has a problem: it is groundless and
therefore irrational. You see, there are no foundational (i.e.
fundamentally basic and self-evident) ethical precepts. Theology has
the potential to offer the rational framework to ground ethics.
Unfortunately this is not what now happens because, to my knowledge,
all religions are command-based. For example Christianity says that
what we should do is what God commands. What God commands may be the
best for, but this is not how Christians ground their ethics. I don't
think this has to be so. One can ground ethics on the purpose and
structure of creation - which of course reflect God's will anyway. One
should explain to people that what Christ asks of us is primarily what
is best for us and what is best for us is of course God's will also.
Remarkably there is such language in the gospels, like where Jesus
says: don't gather material goods here that can be lost (and will be at
the very latest in death) but rather gather spiritual goods in heaven
where they are eternal.
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| User: "Milan" |
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| Title: Re: Let's poke some fun at Plantinga |
09 Jun 2006 07:22:25 PM |
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"Dianelos Georgoudis" <dianelos@tecapro.com> wrote in message
news:1149883264.148983.86050@i40g2000cwc.googlegroups.com...
Matt Silberstein wrote:
On Thu, 8 Jun 2006 20:19:58 -0700, in alt.atheism , "Gandalf Grey"
<gandalfgrey@infectedmail.com> in
<4488e8e3$0$18507$9a6e19ea@news.newshosting.com> wrote:
[snip]
Science fails big time at purpose. Which is what theology is all
about.
I strongly disagree with you. Science can certainly deal with purpose.
Nor do I see how theology is particularly about purpose. Do you deny
that humans have purpose or is theology about humans? What science
can't do is provide norms. Science can tell us where a thrown rock is
likely to land and the likely results, it can't tell us if the action
is right or not.
Right, so which field of knowledge studies the later question? Ethics,
of course.
Now ethics is very important in a practical sense. Science can tell us
how to efficiently achieve what we want to do, but only ethics tells us
what we *should* want to do the first place. So in this sense ethical
knowledge is more fundamental than science.
Now, without theology ethics has a problem: it is groundless and
therefore irrational.
Theology is by definition irrational. How would it help any other discipline
to become rational?
You see, there are no foundational (i.e.
fundamentally basic and self-evident) ethical precepts. Theology has
the potential to offer the rational framework to ground ethics.
No. It doesnt. Theology is the study of imaginary beings. How would it
ground ethics?
Unfortunately this is not what now happens because, to my knowledge,
all religions are command-based. For example Christianity says that
what we should do is what God commands. What God commands may be the
best for, but this is not how Christians ground their ethics. I don't
think this has to be so. One can ground ethics on the purpose and
structure of creation - which of course reflect God's will anyway.
Creation? What is creation? And what is the purpose of creation? And who is
"God"? In a previous post you defined "God" as "the deepest explanation for
the whole of our conscious experience". So what is this God's will?
One
should explain to people that what Christ asks of us is primarily what
is best for us and what is best for us is of course God's will also.
Christ? We are going down the mythology path very fast here. Why are you
posting this to alt.philosophy?
Remarkably there is such language in the gospels, like where Jesus
says: don't gather material goods here that can be lost (and will be at
the very latest in death) but rather gather spiritual goods in heaven
where they are eternal.
Heaven? Damn, how have the standards deteriorated.
regards
Milan
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| User: "The Fool" |
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| Title: Re: Let's poke some fun at Plantinga |
10 Jun 2006 05:53:40 AM |
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Milan wrote:
"Dianelos Georgoudis" <dianelos@tecapro.com> wrote in message
news:1149883264.148983.86050@i40g2000cwc.googlegroups.com...
No. It doesnt. Theology is the study of imaginary beings. How would it
ground ethics?
Science does have limits, it cannot touch some of the deep questsions
about why there is a world, and what it's essential purpose might be,
or if it has a purpose.
Some get adament that because we can't scientifically test those
issues, anyone who thinks about them or has beliefs about them is an
idiot. We can't know, speculation is possible, and in fact can be
quite rational. It amazes me how, in a world where so much is unknown,
some people will be vehement and nasty about those who hold beliefs
that don't fit into their materialist/empiricist world view. That's a
faith in materialism which matches the faith in gods which theists
have. Neither side really gets it, they each have their world view,
their story, their myth.
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| User: "Milan" |
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| Title: Re: Let's poke some fun at Plantinga |
10 Jun 2006 07:16:50 AM |
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"The Fool" <snerb@adelphia.net> wrote in message
news:1149936820.093158.165640@c74g2000cwc.googlegroups.com...
Milan wrote:
"Dianelos Georgoudis" <dianelos@tecapro.com> wrote in message
news:1149883264.148983.86050@i40g2000cwc.googlegroups.com...
No. It doesnt. Theology is the study of imaginary beings. How would it
ground ethics?
Science does have limits, it cannot touch some of the deep questsions
about why there is a world, and what it's essential purpose might be,
or if it has a purpose.
This is irrelevant. I was replying to the statement that theology provides a
ground for ethics. Theology cannot provide a ground for ethics.
regards
Milan
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| User: "wbarwell" |
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| Title: Re: Let's poke some fun at Plantinga |
10 Jun 2006 09:50:41 AM |
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Milan wrote:
"The Fool" <snerb@adelphia.net> wrote in message
news:1149936820.093158.165640@c74g2000cwc.googlegroups.com...
Milan wrote:
"Dianelos Georgoudis" <dianelos@tecapro.com> wrote in message
news:1149883264.148983.86050@i40g2000cwc.googlegroups.com...
No. It doesnt. Theology is the study of imaginary beings. How would it
ground ethics?
Science does have limits, it cannot touch some of the deep questsions
about why there is a world, and what it's essential purpose might be,
or if it has a purpose.
This is irrelevant. I was replying to the statement that theology provides
a ground for ethics. Theology cannot provide a ground for ethics.
Rather. Religion does. Do what god says or burn. (i didn't say it
was good grounds for a good ethics). Theology does not. Theology
- "god is all powerful and all good". Epicurus - "why do we have evil"?
--
"Its the hit dog what yelps."
- Mark Twain
Cheerful Charlie
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| User: "Sean" |
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| Title: Re: Let's poke some fun at Plantinga |
11 Jun 2006 04:20:35 AM |
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This is irrelevant. I was replying to the statement that theology
provides
a ground for ethics. Theology cannot provide a ground for ethics.
Rather. Religion does. Do what god says or burn. (i didn't say it
was good grounds for a good ethics). Theology does not. Theology
- "god is all powerful and all good". Epicurus - "why do we have evil"?
The flip side.
If there was say no evil on earth, like nil zip nada , would the logic still
hold that therefore there IS a God who is all powerful and all good?
For if it does not, then the usual argument regarding ther existence of evil
is patently false. There may be just a little more to it than meets the eye.
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| User: "wbarwell" |
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| Title: Re: Let's poke some fun at Plantinga |
11 Jun 2006 04:43:28 AM |
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Sean wrote:
This is irrelevant. I was replying to the statement that theology
provides
a ground for ethics. Theology cannot provide a ground for ethics.
Rather. Religion does. Do what god says or burn. (i didn't say it
was good grounds for a good ethics). Theology does not. Theology
- "god is all powerful and all good". Epicurus - "why do we have evil"?
The flip side.
If there was say no evil on earth, like nil zip nada , would the logic
still hold that therefore there IS a God who is all powerful and all good?
If there was no moral evil, we would not even be able to discuss it, it
would be as foreign a concept to us as calculus is to a pig.
We would not be able to even imagine such a thing.
Good question though.
--
"I used to think the brain was the most fascinating part
of the body. Then I thought, "Look what's telling me
that."
- Emo Phillips
Cheerful Charlie
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| User: "Sean" |
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| Title: Re: Let's poke some fun at Plantinga |
11 Jun 2006 06:10:59 AM |
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"wbarwell" <wbarwell@mylinuxisp.com> wrote in message
news:128novtlakcbp9e@corp.supernews.com...
Sean wrote:
This is irrelevant. I was replying to the statement that theology
provides
a ground for ethics. Theology cannot provide a ground for ethics.
Rather. Religion does. Do what god says or burn. (i didn't say it
was good grounds for a good ethics). Theology does not. Theology
- "god is all powerful and all good". Epicurus - "why do we have evil"?
The flip side.
If there was say no evil on earth, like nil zip nada , would the logic
still hold that therefore there IS a God who is all powerful and all
good?
If there was no moral evil, we would not even be able to discuss it, it
would be as foreign a concept to us as calculus is to a pig.
We would not be able to even imagine such a thing.
where do u think it came from in the first place?
what enters the vestibule must be made manifest in the house. .......
no?
Good question though.
--
"I used to think the brain was the most fascinating part
of the body. Then I thought, "Look what's telling me
that."
- Emo Phillips
Cheerful Charlie
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| User: "wbarwell" |
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| Title: Re: Let's poke some fun at Plantinga |
11 Jun 2006 07:22:19 AM |
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Sean wrote:
"wbarwell" <wbarwell@mylinuxisp.com> wrote in message
news:128novtlakcbp9e@corp.supernews.com...
Sean wrote:
This is irrelevant. I was replying to the statement that theology
provides
a ground for ethics. Theology cannot provide a ground for ethics.
Rather. Religion does. Do what god says or burn. (i didn't say it
was good grounds for a good ethics). Theology does not. Theology
- "god is all powerful and all good". Epicurus - "why do we have evil"?
The flip side.
If there was say no evil on earth, like nil zip nada , would the logic
still hold that therefore there IS a God who is all powerful and all
good?
If there was no moral evil, we would not even be able to discuss it, it
would be as foreign a concept to us as calculus is to a pig.
We would not be able to even imagine such a thing.
where do u think it came from in the first place?
what enters the vestibule must be made manifest in the house. .......
no?
We have ability to act and ability to do evil and
many will.
The Quran teaches Moslems to battle the Christians and Jews
until they are subdued and feel humilated.
To Moslems, this is not moral evil, but a command of giod.
Pick your gods wisely.
"I used to think the brain was the most fascinating part
of the body. Then I thought, "Look what's telling me
that."
- Emo Phillips
Cheerful Charlie
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| User: "The Fool" |
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| Title: Re: Let's poke some fun at Plantinga |
11 Jun 2006 05:54:41 AM |
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Milan wrote:
"The Fool" <snerb@adelphia.net> wrote in message
news:1149936820.093158.165640@c74g2000cwc.googlegroups.com...
Milan wrote:
"Dianelos Georgoudis" <dianelos@tecapro.com> wrote in message
news:1149883264.148983.86050@i40g2000cwc.googlegroups.com...
No. It doesnt. Theology is the study of imaginary beings. How would it
ground ethics?
Science does have limits, it cannot touch some of the deep questsions
about why there is a world, and what it's essential purpose might be,
or if it has a purpose.
This is irrelevant. I was replying to the statement that theology provides a
ground for ethics. Theology cannot provide a ground for ethics.
Can anything provide a ground for ethics then?
.
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| User: "Milan" |
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| Title: Re: Let's poke some fun at Plantinga |
11 Jun 2006 07:26:17 AM |
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"The Fool" <snerb@adelphia.net> wrote in message
news:1150023281.669235.152100@u72g2000cwu.googlegroups.com...
Milan wrote:
"The Fool" <snerb@adelphia.net> wrote in message
news:1149936820.093158.165640@c74g2000cwc.googlegroups.com...
Milan wrote:
"Dianelos Georgoudis" <dianelos@tecapro.com> wrote in message
news:1149883264.148983.86050@i40g2000cwc.googlegroups.com...
No. It doesnt. Theology is the study of imaginary beings. How would
it
ground ethics?
Science does have limits, it cannot touch some of the deep questsions
about why there is a world, and what it's essential purpose might be,
or if it has a purpose.
This is irrelevant. I was replying to the statement that theology
provides a
ground for ethics. Theology cannot provide a ground for ethics.
Can anything provide a ground for ethics then?
There have been as many attempts to provide a basis for ethics as
philosophers. Mill's and Bentham's utilitarianism; Kant's moral imperative;
pragmatism; consequentialism, etc etc.
regards
Milan
.
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