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Date:	06 Mar 2007 02:48:19 AM
Object:	Vouchers and the Privatization of American Education

VOUCHERS AND THE PRIVATIZATION OF AMERICAN EDUCATION: JUSTIFYING RACIAL
RESEGREGATION FROM BROWN TO ZELMAN 2/21/2005 10:34 AM
Klint Alexander* Kern Alexander**
http://home.law.uiuc.edu/lrev/publications/2000s/2004/2004_5/KAlexander.pdf
[excerpt]
1132 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LAW REVIEW [Vol. 2004
I. INTRODUCTION
Resistance to Brown v. Board of Education1 and its progeny has
taken many shapes since 1954. Initially, the response was blatantly
confrontational, as massive opposition gave birth to a decade of social
conflict. Later, the resistance became more subtle. Housing patterns
changed as whites moved to the suburbs, then to exurbia. Private religious
academies were built throughout the South, and new enrollments revitalized
parochial schools in the North. Middle-class parents took a new and
intensified interest in their children’s education and sought out schools a
safe distance from busing and integrated schools. Various rationales
emerged over the years as proponents of private schools sought moral
justifications for their abandonment of America’s public schools.
As the theologian Reinhold Niebuhr observed in Moral Man and Immoral
Society, privileged groups who benefit from inequality invent
“specious proofs” to support the moral justifications for their
discrimination.2 These justifications seek to “negate and transcend” the
actual purpose for which the inequalities were created.3
The specious proofs used to justify racial discrimination in the post-Brown
era espouse appealing concepts of liberty, parental choice, competition,and
neutrality, which implicitly call for the privatization of educationwith
public resources. The tuition voucher has become the preferredmethod,
funneling public tax funds to private and parochial schools.
The subject of vouchers has consequently become a lightening rod
issue in American politics. A voucher is a coupon worth a predetermined
amount of money that is presented at a private or parochial school by the
parent. The school and parent endorse the voucher, and the school redeems
the money from the state or local school district. Vouchers, and other
similar devices, are not new; they have often been used as a conduit to
move public funds to the private sector, not only for education, but for
various health and welfare functions of government as well.4 Yet, the
public most readily understands vouchers as a way to channel money from the
general public coffers to church schools. Opponents of
vouchers argue that such devices reinforce the reactionary preferences and
biases of parents who choose to spend the public’s money at likeminded
schools.5 Michael Walzer, in his seminal book Spheres of Justice,
1. 347 U.S. 483 (1954). Chief Justice Earl Warren wrote, “[I]n the field of
public education the doctrine of separate but equal has no place. Separate
educational facilities are inherently unequal.”
Id. at 495.
2. REINHOLD NIEBUHR, MORAL MAN AND IMMORAL SOCIETY 116–17 (1932).
3. Id.
4. JOSEPH E. STIGLITZ, ECONOMICS OF THE PUBLIC SECTOR 55–63, 104–14,
304–22, 391–98, 420–41 (4th ed. 2000).
5. JEFFREY R. HENIG, RETHINKING SCHOOL CHOICE: LIMITS OF THE MARKET
METAPHOR 193 (1994); JOHN F. WITTE, THE MARKET APPROACH TO EDUCATION: AN
ANALYSIS OF AMERICA’S FIRST VOUCHER PROGRAM 190–209 (2000).
No. 5] RESEGREGATION: FROM BROWN TO ZELMAN 1133
captures the essence of the problem of vouchers and parental choice in the
marketplace of education: “For most children, parental choice almost
certainly means less diversity, less tension, less opportunity for personal
change than they would find in schools to which they were politically
assigned.”6
The purpose of this article is to explore the relationship between
school vouchers and desegregation in the aftermath of Brown v. Board of
Education. Part II will briefly examine the historical roots of tuition
vouchers and various theories underlying the Supreme Court’s interpretation
of the First Amendment’s religion clauses. Part III will explore early
efforts to circumvent desegregation and the key Supreme Court decisions
from Griffin7 to Zelman8 that paved the way for the establishment of
tuition vouchers in American education. Part IV will discuss the
implications of various voucher initiatives across the country as well as
the federal government’s recent role in furthering the cause of private and
parochial education at the expense of public schools. This article will
conclude by arguing that the use of tuition vouchers did not arise in any
significant degree in the United States until the public schools were
desegregated following the Brown decision. In response to desegregation,
a veiled crusade was launched under the pretext of private choice to
resegregate the nation’s schools through the use of tuition vouchers and
other forms of public aid to private and parochial schools. The Supreme
Court’s decision in Zelman was a critical turning point which gave
privatization a new impetus, opening the constitutional door to an
expansion of tuition voucher initiatives and the erosion of Brown’s
significance in American society.
II. THE BACKGROUND TO VOUCHERS AND THE RELIGION CLAUSES OF
THE FIRST AMENDMENT
A. The Historical Roots of Vouchers
The idea of tuition vouchers can be traced back to the French Revolution in
1793.9 At that time, the Catholic Church thwarted the French government’s
efforts to create a system of public schools, and in its place, initiated a
system whereby parents were given vouchers to send their children to
religious schools.10 The voucher committed the state to pay the tuition
(rébribution scolaire) of each student at a standard rate. Al-
6. MICHAEL WALZER, SPHERES OF JUSTICE 218 (1983).
7. Griffin v. County Sch. Bd., 377 U.S. 218 (1964).
8. Zelman v. Simmons-Harris, 536 U.S. 369 (2002).
9. ISSER WALOCH, THE NEW REGIME: TRANSFORMATIONS OF THE FRENCH CIVIC
ORDER,1789–1820s, at 180 (1994).
10. DANIEL ROCHE, FRANCE IN THE ENLIGHTENMENT 360 (1998).
[end excerpt]
***************************************************************
You are invited to check out the following:
The Rise of the Theocratic States of America
http://members.tripod.com/~candst/theocracy.htm
American Theocrats - Past and Present
http://members.tripod.com/~candst/theocrats.htm
The Constitutional Principle: Separation of Church and State
http://members.tripod.com/~candst/index.html
[and to join the discussion group for the above site and/or Separation of
Church and State in general, listed below]
HRSepCnS · Historical Reality SepChurch&State
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/HRSepCnS/
***************************************************************
.. . . You can't understand a phrase such as "Congress shall make no law
respecting an establishment of religion" by syllogistic reasoning. Words
take their meaning from social as well as textual contexts, which is why "a
page of history is worth a volume of logic." New York Trust Co. v. Eisner,
256 U.S. 345, 349, 41 S.Ct. 506, 507, 65 L.Ed. 963 (1921) (Holmes, J.).
Sherman v. Community Consol. Dist. 21, 980 F.2d 437, 445 (7th Cir. 1992)
.. . .
****************************************************************
USAF LT. COL (Ret) Buffman (Glen P. Goffin) wrote
"You pilot always into an unknown future;
facts are your only clue. Get the facts!"
That philosophy 'snipit' helped to get me, and my crew, through a good
many combat missions and far too many scary, inflight, emergencies.
It has also played a significant role in helping me to expose the
plethora of radical Christian propaganda and lies that we find at
almost every media turn.
*****************************************************************
THE CONSTITUTIONAL PRINCIPLE:
SEPARATION OF CHURCH AND STATE

http://members.tripod.com/~candst/index.html
****************************************************************
.

User: ""
Title: Re: Vouchers and the Privatization of American Education	08 Mar 2007 08:44:21 AM

On Mar 6, 8:48 am,

wrote:

VOUCHERS AND THE PRIVATIZATION OF AMERICAN EDUCATION: JUSTIFYING RACIAL
RESEGREGATION FROM BROWN TO ZELMAN 2/21/2005 10:34 AM

Discussion deleted...
Jalison/Buckeye once deployed a Constitutional Church/State separation
argument. He now deploys a segregation argument. Neither tuition
vouchers, housing vouchers, nor medical vouchers violate the
"establishment" clause of the First Amendment. Nutrition vouchers
(Food Stamps) did not lead to segregated grocery stores. Medical
vouchers (Medicare, Medicaid) did not lead to segregated hospitals.
Milwaukee voucher schools more integrated
http://www.schoolchoiceinfo.org/data/research/integ0802.pdf
Greene, Jay, "Choosing Integration," The Wall Street Journal, July 8,
2002, found the opposite: independent and parochial schools are more
racially diverse that State (government, generally)-operated schools
in the US.
Greene's full study, "The Racial, Economic, and Religious Context of
Parental Choice in Cleveland," is at www.ksg.harvard.edu/pepg.
(jalison/Buckeye): "II. THE BACKGROUND TO VOUCHERS AND THE RELIGION
CLAUSES OF THE FIRST AMENDMENT
A=2E The Historical Roots of Vouchers
The idea of tuition vouchers can be traced back to the French
Revolution in
1793.9 At that time, the Catholic Church thwarted the French
government's
efforts to create a system of public schools, and in its place,
initiated a
system whereby parents were given vouchers to send their children to
religious schools.10 The voucher committed the state to pay the
tuition
(r=E9bribution scolaire) of each student at a standard rate."
Tax support of parent choice among church-operated schools in the
British colonies of North America predates 1793.
John Derbyshire,
New English Review, Dec. 2006
"The Dream Palace of Educational Theorists"
http://www.newenglishreview.org/custpage.cfm?frm=3D4844&sec_id=3D4844
Neal McClusky on corruption in schools
http://www.cato.org/pubs/pas/pa542.pdf
http://www.ednews.org/articles/3721/1/The-Reality-of-School-Corruption/Page=
1=2Ehtml
Please read this one page Marvin Minsky comment on school.
http://www.rru.com/~meo/hs.minski.html
This article on artificially extended adolescence by Ted Kolderie.
http://www.educationevolving.org/pdf/Adolescence.pdf
E=2EG. West, "Education Vouchers in Principle and Practice: A Survey",
The World Bank Research Observer. http://www.worldbank.org/research/journal=
s/wbro/obsfeb97/educate.htm
Neal McCluskey on conflict of values
http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=3D6870
.

User: "ZenIsWhen"
Title: Re: Vouchers and the Privatization of American Education	08 Mar 2007 01:26:29 PM

<malcolmkirkpatrick@yahoo.com> wrote in message
news:1173365061.669184.166110@30g2000cwc.googlegroups.com...
On Mar 6, 8:48 am,

wrote:

VOUCHERS AND THE PRIVATIZATION OF AMERICAN EDUCATION: JUSTIFYING RACIAL
RESEGREGATION FROM BROWN TO ZELMAN 2/21/2005 10:34 AM

User: ""
Title: Re: Vouchers and the Privatization of American Education	10 Mar 2007 08:01:57 AM

"ZenIsWhen" <onesmallstep@verizon.net> wrote:

:|
:|<malcolmkirkpatrick@yahoo.com> wrote in message
:|news:1173365061.669184.166110@30g2000cwc.googlegroups.com...
:|On Mar 6, 8:48 am,

Perhaps you should have asked
And we're suppose to pay attention to Malcolm
Kirkpatrick/MK/Panther/Tubmamin because ........??????
Especially since he has been shown to be incorrect , shown to misrepresent,
distort and is very biased with a hard on for the public school system.
***************************************************************
You are invited to check out the following:
The Rise of the Theocratic States of America
http://members.tripod.com/~candst/theocracy.htm
American Theocrats - Past and Present
http://members.tripod.com/~candst/theocrats.htm
The Constitutional Principle: Separation of Church and State
http://members.tripod.com/~candst/index.html
[and to join the discussion group for the above site and/or Separation of
Church and State in general, listed below]
HRSepCnS · Historical Reality SepChurch&State
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/HRSepCnS/
***************************************************************
.. . . You can't understand a phrase such as "Congress shall make no law
respecting an establishment of religion" by syllogistic reasoning. Words
take their meaning from social as well as textual contexts, which is why "a
page of history is worth a volume of logic." New York Trust Co. v. Eisner,
256 U.S. 345, 349, 41 S.Ct. 506, 507, 65 L.Ed. 963 (1921) (Holmes, J.).
Sherman v. Community Consol. Dist. 21, 980 F.2d 437, 445 (7th Cir. 1992)
.. . .
****************************************************************
USAF LT. COL (Ret) Buffman (Glen P. Goffin) wrote
"You pilot always into an unknown future;
facts are your only clue. Get the facts!"
That philosophy 'snipit' helped to get me, and my crew, through a good
many combat missions and far too many scary, inflight, emergencies.
It has also played a significant role in helping me to expose the
plethora of radical Christian propaganda and lies that we find at
almost every media turn.
*****************************************************************
THE CONSTITUTIONAL PRINCIPLE:
SEPARATION OF CHURCH AND STATE

http://members.tripod.com/~candst/index.html
****************************************************************
.

User: ""
Title: Re: Vouchers and the Privatization of American Education	08 Mar 2007 08:45:43 AM

On Mar 6, 8:48 am,

wrote:

VOUCHERS AND THE PRIVATIZATION OF AMERICAN EDUCATION: JUSTIFYING RACIAL
RESEGREGATION FROM BROWN TO ZELMAN 2/21/2005 10:34 AM

User: ""
Title: Re: Vouchers and the Privatization of American Education	10 Mar 2007 06:28:24 AM

wrote:

:|On Mar 6, 8:48 am,

Come on over dude.
HRSepCnS · Historical Reality SepChurch&State
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/HRSepCnS/
We can have a great discussion on Vouchers Helms law history etc. All
the fun things.
But I have to warn you ahead of time. There won't be no moderators to
coddle you or kiss your ***** or protect you.
I'll even make it easy for you I will invite you officially that way all
the joining red tape has been eliminated.
However, I won't hold my breath waiting for you to join.
***************************************************************
You are invited to check out the following:
The Rise of the Theocratic States of America
http://members.tripod.com/~candst/theocracy.htm
American Theocrats - Past and Present
http://members.tripod.com/~candst/theocrats.htm
The Constitutional Principle: Separation of Church and State
http://members.tripod.com/~candst/index.html
[and to join the discussion group for the above site and/or Separation of
Church and State in general, listed below]
HRSepCnS · Historical Reality SepChurch&State
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/HRSepCnS/
***************************************************************
.. . . You can't understand a phrase such as "Congress shall make no law
respecting an establishment of religion" by syllogistic reasoning. Words
take their meaning from social as well as textual contexts, which is why "a
page of history is worth a volume of logic." New York Trust Co. v. Eisner,
256 U.S. 345, 349, 41 S.Ct. 506, 507, 65 L.Ed. 963 (1921) (Holmes, J.).
Sherman v. Community Consol. Dist. 21, 980 F.2d 437, 445 (7th Cir. 1992)
.. . .
****************************************************************
USAF LT. COL (Ret) Buffman (Glen P. Goffin) wrote
"You pilot always into an unknown future;
facts are your only clue. Get the facts!"
That philosophy 'snipit' helped to get me, and my crew, through a good
many combat missions and far too many scary, inflight, emergencies.
It has also played a significant role in helping me to expose the
plethora of radical Christian propaganda and lies that we find at
almost every media turn.
*****************************************************************
THE CONSTITUTIONAL PRINCIPLE:
SEPARATION OF CHURCH AND STATE

http://members.tripod.com/~candst/index.html
****************************************************************
.

User: ""
Title: Re: Vouchers and the Privatization of American Education	09 Mar 2007 01:33:50 PM

wrote:

:|On Mar 6, 8:48 am,

wrote:
:|> VOUCHERS AND THE PRIVATIZATION OF AMERICAN EDUCATION: JUSTIFYING RACIAL
:|> RESEGREGATION FROM BROWN TO ZELMAN 2/21/2005 10:34 AM
:|
:|Discussion deleted...

Malcolm Kirkpatrick/MK/Panther/Tubmamin should get his facts straight
It wasn't a discussion, it was an article.
But then facts and Malcolm Kirkpatrick/MK/Panther/Tubmamin have frequently
not been on speaking terms
Of course Malcolm Kirkpatrick/MK/Panther/Tubmamin would delete the
discussion including the URL for it. he can't deal with it and would prefer
that others don't know waht it was about.

:|Jalison/Buckeye once deployed a Constitutional Church/State separation
:|argument.

Actually, I still do, everyday in a variety of places and ways.

:| He now deploys a segregation argument.

Actually, it was Klint Alexander* Kern Alexander**
See below:
VOUCHERS AND THE PRIVATIZATION OF AMERICAN EDUCATION: JUSTIFYING RACIAL
RESEGREGATION FROM BROWN TO ZELMAN 2/21/2005 10:34 AM
Klint Alexander* Kern Alexander**
http://home.law.uiuc.edu/lrev/publications/2000s/2004/2004_5/KAlexander.pdf
[excerpt]
1132 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LAW REVIEW [Vol. 2004
I. INTRODUCTION
Resistance to Brown v. Board of Education1 and its progeny has
taken many shapes since 1954. Initially, the response was blatantly
confrontational, as massive opposition gave birth to a decade of social
conflict. Later, the resistance became more subtle. Housing patterns
changed as whites moved to the suburbs, then to exurbia. Private religious
academies were built throughout the South, and new enrollments revitalized
parochial schools in the North. Middle-class parents took a new and
intensified interest in their children’s education and sought out schools a
safe distance from busing and integrated schools. Various rationales
emerged over the years as proponents of private schools sought moral
justifications for their abandonment of America’s public schools.
As the theologian Reinhold Niebuhr observed in Moral Man and Immoral
Society, privileged groups who benefit from inequality invent
“specious proofs” to support the moral justifications for their
discrimination.2 These justifications seek to “negate and transcend” the
actual purpose for which the inequalities were created.3
The specious proofs used to justify racial discrimination in the post-Brown
era espouse appealing concepts of liberty, parental choice, competition,and
neutrality, which implicitly call for the privatization of educationwith
public resources. The tuition voucher has become the preferredmethod,
funneling public tax funds to private and parochial schools.
The subject of vouchers has consequently become a lightening rod
issue in American politics. A voucher is a coupon worth a predetermined
amount of money that is presented at a private or parochial school by the
parent. The school and parent endorse the voucher, and the school redeems
the money from the state or local school district. Vouchers, and other
similar devices, are not new; they have often been used as a conduit to
move public funds to the private sector, not only for education, but for
various health and welfare functions of government as well.4 Yet, the
public most readily understands vouchers as a way to channel money from the
general public coffers to church schools. Opponents of
vouchers argue that such devices reinforce the reactionary preferences and
biases of parents who choose to spend the public’s money at likeminded
schools.5 Michael Walzer, in his seminal book Spheres of Justice,
1. 347 U.S. 483 (1954). Chief Justice Earl Warren wrote, “[I]n the field of
public education the doctrine of separate but equal has no place. Separate
educational facilities are inherently unequal.”
Id. at 495.
2. REINHOLD NIEBUHR, MORAL MAN AND IMMORAL SOCIETY 116–17 (1932).
3. Id.
4. JOSEPH E. STIGLITZ, ECONOMICS OF THE PUBLIC SECTOR 55–63, 104–14,
304–22, 391–98, 420–41 (4th ed. 2000).
5. JEFFREY R. HENIG, RETHINKING SCHOOL CHOICE: LIMITS OF THE MARKET
METAPHOR 193 (1994); JOHN F. WITTE, THE MARKET APPROACH TO EDUCATION: AN
ANALYSIS OF AMERICA’S FIRST VOUCHER PROGRAM 190–209 (2000).
No. 5] RESEGREGATION: FROM BROWN TO ZELMAN 1133
captures the essence of the problem of vouchers and parental choice in the
marketplace of education: “For most children, parental choice almost
certainly means less diversity, less tension, less opportunity for personal
change than they would find in schools to which they were politically
assigned.”6
The purpose of this article is to explore the relationship between
school vouchers and desegregation in the aftermath of Brown v. Board of
Education. Part II will briefly examine the historical roots of tuition
vouchers and various theories underlying the Supreme Court’s interpretation
of the First Amendment’s religion clauses. Part III will explore early
efforts to circumvent desegregation and the key Supreme Court decisions
from Griffin7 to Zelman8 that paved the way for the establishment of
tuition vouchers in American education. Part IV will discuss the
implications of various voucher initiatives across the country as well as
the federal government’s recent role in furthering the cause of private and
parochial education at the expense of public schools. This article will
conclude by arguing that the use of tuition vouchers did not arise in any
significant degree in the United States until the public schools were
desegregated following the Brown decision. In response to desegregation,
a veiled crusade was launched under the pretext of private choice to
resegregate the nation’s schools through the use of tuition vouchers and
other forms of public aid to private and parochial schools. The Supreme
Court’s decision in Zelman was a critical turning point which gave
privatization a new impetus, opening the constitutional door to an
expansion of tuition voucher initiatives and the erosion of Brown’s
significance in American society.
II. THE BACKGROUND TO VOUCHERS AND THE RELIGION CLAUSES OF
THE FIRST AMENDMENT
A. The Historical Roots of Vouchers
The idea of tuition vouchers can be traced back to the French Revolution in
1793.9 At that time, the Catholic Church thwarted the French government’s
efforts to create a system of public schools, and in its place, initiated a
system whereby parents were given vouchers to send their children to
religious schools.10 The voucher committed the state to pay the tuition
(rébribution scolaire) of each student at a standard rate. Al-
6. MICHAEL WALZER, SPHERES OF JUSTICE 218 (1983).
7. Griffin v. County Sch. Bd., 377 U.S. 218 (1964).
8. Zelman v. Simmons-Harris, 536 U.S. 369 (2002).
9. ISSER WALOCH, THE NEW REGIME: TRANSFORMATIONS OF THE FRENCH CIVIC
ORDER,1789–1820s, at 180 (1994).
10. DANIEL ROCHE, FRANCE IN THE ENLIGHTENMENT 360 (1998).
[end excerpt]
*******************************************************************
I just posted some some material excerpted from their article.
That must have been over Malcolm Kirkpatrick/MK/Panther/Tubmamin's head.
Now since Malcolm Kirkpatrick/MK/Panther/Tubmamin wants to play dueling
articles I will add the following:
BTW, he really should do a study of the history of pvt schools religous
schools in this country beginning in the 50s in the 50s in the south and
spreading all over the country in the past 15 or so years. and then try to
prove there is no connection.
But I end with this

Originally Posted by Malcolm Kirkpatrick View Post
First of all "The Church/State issue has been settled. "

Voucher cases are still losing in various states.
Secondly, you did not really address a single point made by the authors in
the article they wrote.
Thirdly:
Your qualifications:
A disgruntled ex public school teacher who was fired and has a intense
dislike for the public school system.
The qualifications of the authors of this article:
Klint Alexander
Vanderbilt Adjunct Faculty, 2006-2007
with selected (recent) publications of the adjunct faculty.
Klint Alexander
Senior Lecturer of Political Science, Vanderbilt University.
KLINTON J. (KLINT) ALEXANDER, Ph.D. (Cambridge), J.D. (Virginia)
Attorney, Wyatt Tarrant & Combs, LLP, Nashville
International Politics and Law, International Political Economy,
Constitutional Law
Click to view Klint's Curriculum Vitae
http://sitemason.vanderbilt.edu/file...CV%2072604.pdf
2006. "Rethinking Retaliation in the WTO Dispute Settlement System:
Leveling the Playing Field for Developing Countries in Asymmetric
Disputes," in The World Trade Organization and Trade in Services. M.
Andenas, ed. (Brill/Nihjof).
2007. "Salvaging Doha: A Sectoral Approach to Resolving Differences over
Trade and Development Between Rich and Poor Countries within the WTO."
Cambridge Review of International Affairs .
2004. "Vouchers and the Privatization of American Education: Justifying
Resegregation from BrownZelman. Illinois Law Review.
2003-2004. "The Road to Vouchers: The Supreme Court's Compliance and the
Crumbling of the Wall of Separation of Church and State in American
Education." Kentucky Law Journal 92:439.
************************************************
Dr. Kern Alexander
Professor of Educational Administration, College of Education, University
of Illinois, Urbana/Champaign.
Department of Educational Organization and Leadership
Kern Alexander is an Excellence Professor of Educational Administration at
the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and also holds the Andrew
Robinson Emminent Scholar Chair at the University of North Florida at
Jasksonville. He previously served as Professor of Educational
Administration at the University of Florida for nearly two decades, and
later as University Distinguished Professor at Virginia Tech. He has been
President of Western Kentucky University and Murray State University,
Kentucky. In his distinguished career he has written more than 25 books and
numerous journal articles. He is the author or co-author of American Public
School Law, now in its fifth edition, West-Wadsworth Publishers; The Law of
Schools, Students, and Teachers, West Publishing company; and Public School
Finance, Simon and Schuster Company. He has post graduate degrees from
Indiana University, Bloomington, and the University of Oxford, Pembroke
College. Dr. Alexander consults widely and takes an active part in school
finance equity litigation throughout the United States.
Dr. Alexander has authored or co-authored several books and many chapters
and articles in the area of education law. He has taught public school law
and college and university law for nearly thirty years and is widely
consulted on issues pertaining to education law and arbitration.
*****************************************
American Public School Law, 6th Edition
Kern Alexander and M. David Alexander
Overview
This market-leading text for graduate-level courses in educational law is a
combined textbook/casebook that provides a comprehensive view of the law
that governs the public school system of America. The case method approach
allows instructors to involve discussion to discover and expose the
reasoning of the law. This helps students relate factual situations to the
law while recognizing similar experiences they may have as practicing
teachers and administrators.
Benefits include:
# This is the most comprehensive text available for this course, with
coverage ranging across common law, statutes, and constitutional law.
# NEW! Chapter 5, "Church and State," addresses the turnaround of the U.S.
Supreme Court in its interpretation of the First Amendment's ‘wall of
separation' between Church and State, permitting vouchers and the
expenditure of public funds for religious schools (the Helms and Zelman
cases). This chapter now includes further court precedents with regard to
‘open forums' and the issue of the Free Speech Clause versus the
Establishment Clause. The authors also address precedents that have emerged
from state supreme courts concerning state constitutional prohibitions
regarding church and state.
# NEW! The authors have added information about new aspects of home
schooling in Chapter 6, "School Attendance," including precedents
permitting part-time attendance at public schools for home-schooled
students and part-time participation in public schools by home-schooled
students for extracurricular activities such as football, chorus and band.
# NEW! A revised Chapter 7, "The Instructional Program," addresses the
impact of the now more conservative federal courts, including increased
purging of curricular materials and books of 'objectionable' material
(e.g., Harry Potter and other works that have been ‘quietly banned' in
several school districts with judicial acquiescence). In general, this
chapter investigates the tension between conservative values and the
necessity to expand knowledge. Finally, the chapter encompasses issues
pertaining to the high-stakes testing programs, raising further questions
regarding possible violation of due process and equal protection.
# NEW! New topics covered in Chapter 10, "Rights of Students with
Disabilities," include the requirements of the Individuals with
Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) and evolving judicial interpretations of
statutory terminology such as least-restrictive environment, stay-put,
related services, and parental reimbursement for placement of children in
private schools. A new section is provided that explains the differences
between the protections of children with disabilities under the IDEA and
Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973.
# NEW! The authors have expanded their treatment of the three chapters
pertaining to tort liability. Chapter 11, "Tort Liability" covers
individuals, teachers, administrators, and students. Chapter 12,
"Defamation and Student Records," includes discussion of individual rights
to damages under the Family Education Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA),
parental rights to information, posting of grades, and student-graded
classroom papers. The potential for damages under FERPA and Section 1983 as
set forth by the U.S. Supreme Court in Falvo is also explained. In Chapter
13, "School District Liability" is further developed, defining sovereign
and governmental immunity and official liability under Section 1983. The
rather dramatic changes in the U.S. Supreme Court's interpretation of the
Eleventh Amendment are given full discussion.
# NEW! In Chapter 15, "Teacher Rights and Freedoms," the authors further
update cases and explain the Connick rule in relation to Pickering and Mt.
Healthy and what constitutes matters of public concern. In this edition,
increased attention is devoted to workplace searches, drug testing of
teachers, and privacy rights of teachers regarding mental and physical
examinations.
# NEW! In Chapter 17, "Discrimination in Employment," the authors provide a
new summary of federal civil rights protections affecting teachers and then
discuss the latest court decisions regarding Title VII and the implications
of the two recent University of Michigan diversity and affirmative action
decisions by the U.S. Supreme Court with regard to public schools. New
precedents regarding sex discrimination in employment are fully treated, as
are recent developments of the law pertaining to sexual harassment. Also
included are federal court suggestions describing the elements of
anti-harassment regulations that can be used by local school districts.
# NEW! Chapter 19 is now devoted to "Desegregation of Public Schools" and
the recent precedents that primarily involve definitions of unitariness and
the options available to the courts in providing remedial and compensatory
remedies for past de jure segregation.
# NEW! "School Finance," Chapter 20, analyzes the rapidly emerging trends
in judicial interpretations of state constitutional provisions that
guarantee equity of funding for all children in public schools. A further
update of the court cases, state by state, gives a full perspective on the
trends in judicial involvement in school funding.
# The authors understand the needs of practicing educators and carefully
select the problems and issues most pertinent to educators.
# Reviewers consistently praise the authors' excellent selection of cases:
from among the hundreds of jurisdictions in this country, those cases that
best exemplify the prevailing view of the courts in the various areas of
law are selected. Additional cases are available on the book's new Book
Companion Web Site.
# American Public School Law continues to be at the forefront of this
ever-evolving field, as the authors incorporate the latest precedents that
continue to form the law of education.
# Many legal precedents embody abstractions that may be difficult for
non-lawyers to grasp; Alexander and Alexander provide students with
interpretive, concise, and simplified explanations of the more esoteric
concepts of law that affect the daily conduct of the schools.
# The books' accompanying Instructor's Manual with Test Bank provides
instructors with additional points of explanation and test questions for
each chapter.
# NEW! For this comprehensive update, the authors have revised every
chapter with a view to the "3 C's": CONTEXT (historical, social and/or
political frame of reference); CONCEPT (the heart of the idea of law that a
court or legislature seeks to advance); and CONTENT (the subject matter,
ingredients, or components of the law that are applicable to public school
operation). They address the latest legislative trends and developments
throughout the text, such as the effects of "No Child Left Behind"
legislation.
# NEW! Chapter 2, "Historical Perspective of Public Schools," provides a
simplified explanation of both the historical and legal precedents that
formed America's public schools. Integral to this discussion is the
recognition of the fundamental importance of free and universal education
to a democracy. New material is added that helps explain the nature of
charter schools and their emergence as defining instruments of public
education.
# NEW! Chapter 3, "Role of the Federal Government," is a comprehensive
rewrite of earlier editions, explaining in far greater detail the legal
relationship between the federal and state governments in the control of
education. The chapter defines both the structural and the individual
rights provisions of the federal constitution, from which emanate federal
authority. Added to this chapter is a new section that addresses the issue
of the fundamentality of education--what it is and what it means.
Authors: Kern Alexander and M. David Alexander
Published: 2005
ISBN: 0-534-27424-2
1,072 Pages
************************************
Hope you don't mind. I think I will go with the opinion of the authors of
the article.
Enough said
Have a nice day
***************************************************************
You are invited to check out the following:
The Rise of the Theocratic States of America
http://members.tripod.com/~candst/theocracy.htm
American Theocrats - Past and Present
http://members.tripod.com/~candst/theocrats.htm
The Constitutional Principle: Separation of Church and State
http://members.tripod.com/~candst/index.html
[and to join the discussion group for the above site and/or Separation of
Church and State in general, listed below]
HRSepCnS · Historical Reality SepChurch&State
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/HRSepCnS/
***************************************************************
.. . . You can't understand a phrase such as "Congress shall make no law
respecting an establishment of religion" by syllogistic reasoning. Words
take their meaning from social as well as textual contexts, which is why "a
page of history is worth a volume of logic." New York Trust Co. v. Eisner,
256 U.S. 345, 349, 41 S.Ct. 506, 507, 65 L.Ed. 963 (1921) (Holmes, J.).
Sherman v. Community Consol. Dist. 21, 980 F.2d 437, 445 (7th Cir. 1992)
.. . .
****************************************************************
USAF LT. COL (Ret) Buffman (Glen P. Goffin) wrote
"You pilot always into an unknown future;
facts are your only clue. Get the facts!"
That philosophy 'snipit' helped to get me, and my crew, through a good
many combat missions and far too many scary, inflight, emergencies.
It has also played a significant role in helping me to expose the
plethora of radical Christian propaganda and lies that we find at
almost every media turn.
*****************************************************************
THE CONSTITUTIONAL PRINCIPLE:
SEPARATION OF CHURCH AND STATE

http://members.tripod.com/~candst/index.html
****************************************************************
.

User: ""
Title: Re: Vouchers and the Privatization of American Education	09 Mar 2007 02:21:46 PM

jalison/buckeye wrote:...
malcolmkirkpatrick wrote:
(jalison): "VOUCHERS AND THE PRIVATIZATION OF AMERICAN EDUCATION:
JUSTIFYING RACIAL
RESEGREGATION FROM BROWN TO ZELMAN 2/21/2005 10:34 AM
(malcolm): "Discussion deleted..."
(jalison): "Malcolm Kirkpatrick/MK/Panther/Tubmamin should get his
facts straight
It wasn't a discussion, it was an article.
That's a "fact"? Seems to me it's normal usage to call the text of an
article on some topic a "discussion". If that's the sort of issue
jalison raises, he concedes that argument right out of the gate.
Ad hominem deleted...
(jalison): "Of course Malcolm Kirkpatrick/MK/Panther/Tubmamin would
delete the discussion including the URL for it. he can't deal with it
and would prefer that others don't know waht it was about."
Readers may always backtrack. Unless jalison attaches expiration dates
to his posts, they remain available.
(malcolm): "Jalison/Buckeye once deployed a Constitutional Church/
State separation argument.
(jalison): "Actually, I still do, everyday in a variety of places and
ways."
Good. It's still a loser of an argument.
(malcolm): "He now deploys a segregation argument.
(jalison): "Actually, it was Klint Alexander* Kern Alexander**...
Whose arguments jalison deploys, as I wrote.
(jalison): "BTW, he really should do a study of the history of pvt
schools religous schools in this country beginning in the 50s in the
50s in the south and spreading all over the country in the past 15 or
so years. and then try to prove there is no connection.
To what?
(jalison): "But I end with this
(malcolm): "First of all "The Church/State issue has been settled. "
(jalison): "Voucher cases are still losing in various states."
Yes, but not on US Constitutional "establishment" grounds.
(jalison): "Secondly, you did not really address a single point made
by the authors in the article they wrote."
Flat false. The Alexander boys made their argument on policy grounds,
that parent control would enhance segregation. I argue (from studies
by Jay Greene) that the NEA/AFT/AFSCME cartel's schools (the "public"
schools) are more segregated than independent and parochial
schools.
(jalison): "Thirdly:
Your qualifications: A disgruntled ex public school teacher who was
fired and has a intense
dislike for the public school system."
I was not fired. I quit. I blew the whistle on a fraudulent program at
Campbell High School and the program administer (a high-ranking
official of our local NEA subsidiary) took offense. The DOE
administration and the HSTA (the local NEA subsidiary) proceeded to
retaliate for my legislative testimony. I lasted for two years, in
which time my personnel file, previously empty for eight years, grew
to 3/4 inch thick.
Discussion deleted...
John Derbyshire,
New English Review, Dec. 2006
"The Dream Palace of Educational Theorists"
http://www.newenglishreview.org/custpage.cfm?frm=4844&sec_id=4844
School Corruption
http://www.diesel-ebooks.com/cgi-bin/item/059580988X
Neal McCluskey on conflict of values
http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=6870
John Derbyshire,
New English Review, Dec. 2006
"The Dream Palace of Educational Theorists"
http://www.newenglishreview.org/custpage.cfm?frm=4844&sec_id=4844
School Corruption
http://www.diesel-ebooks.com/cgi-bin/item/059580988X
Neal McClusky on corruption in schools
http://www.cato.org/pubs/pas/pa542.pdf
http://www.ipi.org/ipi/IPIPublications.nsf/PublicationLookupFullText
No Voice, No Exit: The Inefficiency of America's Schools
http://www.ednews.org/articles/3721/1/The-Reality-of-School-Corruption/Page1.html
http://www.ednews.org/articles/3721/1/The-Reality-of-School-Corruption/Page1.html
http://www.hawaiireporter.com/story.aspx?c68c8207-770a-44e2-9878-1b5cc218e1a7
Laura Brown on a crooked teacher
http://www.hawaiireporter.com/story.aspx?8cced98d-1a22-4122-8c66-f3d22b6ff3c4
On district size effects
James Tooley on independent schools...
http://www.libertyindia.org/pdfs/tooley_education.pdf
http://www.educationnext.org/20054/22.html
http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,2092-1669110,00.html
.

User: "Bob LeChevalier"
Title: Re: Vouchers and the Privatization of American Education	10 Mar 2007 08:38:01 AM

wrote:

(malcolm): "He now deploys a segregation argument.
(jalison): "Actually, it was Klint Alexander* Kern Alexander**...

Whose arguments jalison deploys, as I wrote.

Actually jalison has been known to post things expressing views with
which he apparently disagrees, apparently because he feels that they
may be of interest to someone in his perceived audience.
You choose to label his activities as "deploying an argument". But
one "deploys arguments" in order to stimulate discussion or response,
and it seems that jalison does not care whether there is discussion or
response to some of his posts.
That this form of posting is not standard for Usenet is irrelevant.
jalison has indicated that he does not necessarily use Usenet the way
that it is standardly used (or rather he does necessarily not use the
particular groups that he posts to in the way that others use those
groups - some groups, such as the news.answers group, contain ONLY
postings not intended to initiate discussion or response)
lojbab
.

User: ""
Title: Re: Vouchers and the Privatization of American Education	12 Mar 2007 07:37:14 AM

Bob LeChevalier <lojbab@lojban.org> wrote:

An evolution. When I first arrived here in Feb 1995 there were actually
people who one could enter into decent discussions with people who
frequently posted evidence or what they perceived as evidence.
It was fun time, frequently a challenging time. I recall many times when
someone would post something I or Susan was unfamiliar with and we would
dash off the a library to research it to see if the person was correct or
if not correct why and how were they incorrect.
That has changed over the years. While there were troll types back then as
well there was also non troll types that one could enter into good
discussions with, especially in history which is my main interest in C&S
areas.
Now there is far less of those types, if any anymore and far more of the
trolls such as Dana, fred and those of their ilk, the idiots like KC and
Strickland, etc. People such as MK, those like info junkie etc. Hell even
Gardiner who was once fun and a challenge had descended to the levels of
the the other trolls, idiots and the like when he makes his brief hit and
run posting now
There really wasn't much challenge.
At the same time there are people who do have an interest in church state
topics but don't have the time or inclination to go looking for the various
news stories on the topic, don't have the time to keep up with things
Thus I began posting URLs and excerpts from articles, newspaper stories
etc as a way of providing that service, as a way of educating as to what
is happening currency from across the bd on the CSS area.
I post pro separation anti separation and in between. Google provides
some of it, other material I find myself.

Correct.
Most times when I post these URLs and excerpts, I don't even bother to
check to see if anyone replied to them or if anyone did who did and what
they might have said
Theses are not my posts or the fruit of my labor with regards to
researching then putting together a article. They are not connected to
me, they are a service I provide partly out of boredom with the current
status of the newsgroups, part out of limited time, partly to keep anyone
interested abreast of what is going on in the world of CSS
(I moved from Va Beach Va last october to my home town in Ohio. I bought a
house upon arrival here and there was the entire mess of the actual moving,
especially since it was complicated by having to be out of the house in Va
two plus weeks before we could get into the house in Ohio.
Once finally here I discovered that the house I had owned at the time I
moved to Virginia 24 years earlier was going to be auctioned off at
sheriffs sale for back taxes.
I bid, I won, I got the house. Right after getting the deed to the house
it was broken into and all the copper water pipes in the basement and
copper wiring in the basement was "borrowed"
I house I first bought here I am going to give to my dau. The house I
previously owned here we will be moving into as soon as we finish
building the china closet that once existed in the dining room, but was
removed and sold by previous owners, we sand and otherwise redo the
hardwood floors in the living and dining rooms.
In short my time has been seriously divided between several things since
last October.)
I don't care one way or the other if people read, reply to these news type
things I post. I don't usually get involved in discussions with people
over them. I don't vouch for them. I don't research or verify them and I
don't agree with any of the anti-separation ones I post and not even some
of the pro separation ones. I note errors in evidence and fact in both
anti and pro separation articles and news stories
Anyone and everyone else is more than welcome to get involved in
discussions based on one or more of those types of posts I post and while
many of them don't seem to attract any interest some do.
I think there are 2 or 3 threads ongoing right now that came into being as
a result of one of those types posts of mine
Now, I do have to fess up, everyone once in awhile i will find something
that I post because i am almost positive it will attract Strickland into
making a reply or MK or even Gardiner once in a blue moon.
But by and large I don't even bother to do that. It has to literally drop
into my lap for me to do that.

:|That this form of posting is not standard for Usenet is irrelevant.
:|jalison has indicated that he does not necessarily use Usenet the way
:|that it is standardly used (or rather he does necessarily not use the
:|particular groups that he posts to in the way that others use those
:|groups - some groups, such as the news.answers group, contain ONLY
:|postings not intended to initiate discussion or response)

Well, if I find someone who has posted a interesting or challenging post or
reply to another post that I run across and it is history or to a less
degree legal CSS I still will jump in posting in the manner I have always
posted.
I only cross post because I enjoy the give and take of many thoughts,
opinions etc. I actually like the discussions with a variety of people.
I include alt.education because probably the bulk of the people I respect
the most in the Newsgroups hang out in there and I always enjoy the
feedback they add to any thread on church state.
Also church state in our modern world touches on most aspects of American
life, so it does properly fit in history, legal, education, politics. etc
newsgroups
But overall you are correct. I have probably never used the Newsgroups as
others do or might.
I tend to follow my own drummer (grin)
***************************************************************
You are invited to check out the following:
The Rise of the Theocratic States of America
http://members.tripod.com/~candst/theocracy.htm
American Theocrats - Past and Present
http://members.tripod.com/~candst/theocrats.htm
The Constitutional Principle: Separation of Church and State
http://members.tripod.com/~candst/index.html
[and to join the discussion group for the above site and/or Separation of
Church and State in general, listed below]
HRSepCnS · Historical Reality SepChurch&State
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/HRSepCnS/
***************************************************************
.. . . You can't understand a phrase such as "Congress shall make no law
respecting an establishment of religion" by syllogistic reasoning. Words
take their meaning from social as well as textual contexts, which is why "a
page of history is worth a volume of logic." New York Trust Co. v. Eisner,
256 U.S. 345, 349, 41 S.Ct. 506, 507, 65 L.Ed. 963 (1921) (Holmes, J.).
Sherman v. Community Consol. Dist. 21, 980 F.2d 437, 445 (7th Cir. 1992)
.. . .
****************************************************************
USAF LT. COL (Ret) Buffman (Glen P. Goffin) wrote
"You pilot always into an unknown future;
facts are your only clue. Get the facts!"
That philosophy 'snipit' helped to get me, and my crew, through a good
many combat missions and far too many scary, inflight, emergencies.
It has also played a significant role in helping me to expose the
plethora of radical Christian propaganda and lies that we find at
almost every media turn.
*****************************************************************
THE CONSTITUTIONAL PRINCIPLE:
SEPARATION OF CHURCH AND STATE

http://members.tripod.com/~candst/index.html
****************************************************************
.

User: "Jeff Strickland"
Title: Re: Vouchers and the Privatization of American Education	08 Mar 2007 03:39:06 PM

I am at a paradox here. I do not support vouchers, but if vouchers come to
be, I fully support the notion that a parent should be able to select a
religious education for his children. (Of course, I say "his" as a matter of
ease, the reality is that the parent could be a he or a her, or both. Or,
two of each.)
If my government opts to give away dollars to educate children, the the only
string to attach to such a program is that the dollars be spent on
education. If the quality of the education sucks, then it stands to reason
that the dollars are not spent well, and that particular option -- the
actual school of choice -- should be removed fromt he available options. If
a Religious schools sucks, and does not teach kids, the the school should be
removed as an option because it does not teac, it should not be pulled from
the option for parents to select because of the religious content. If a
religious school does a good job teaching the 3 Rs, and it teaches religion
too, then I have no problem because the parent selected that sort of
program.
The problems from a Constitutional perspective come when the government
instills religion, or demands vouchers be used in pursuit of religious
instruction. As long as government's demand is that children learn the 3 Rs,
and there is a measurable way to determine that, then a parent selecting
religious based instruction with a voucher dollar is okay with me, and I
think is okay with the Constitution.
I believe that parents form an effective wall of separation between church
and state. I believe that we have to watch the wall closely to assure that
the state does not breach the wall, but as long as children are taught well,
I don't care that my money was involved in that education, even if there was
a religious component that the parent sought.
<malcolmkirkpatrick@yahoo.com> wrote in message
news:1173365143.081834.182320@v33g2000cwv.googlegroups.com...
On Mar 6, 8:48 am,

wrote:

VOUCHERS AND THE PRIVATIZATION OF AMERICAN EDUCATION: JUSTIFYING RACIAL
RESEGREGATION FROM BROWN TO ZELMAN 2/21/2005 10:34 AM

Discussion deleted...
Jalison/Buckeye once deployed a Constitutional Church/State separation
argument. He now deploys a segregation argument. Neither tuition
vouchers, housing vouchers, nor medical vouchers violate the
"establishment" clause of the First Amendment. Nutrition vouchers
(Food Stamps) did not lead to segregated grocery stores. Medical
vouchers (Medicare, Medicaid) did not lead to segregated hospitals.
Milwaukee voucher schools more integrated
http://www.schoolchoiceinfo.org/data/research/integ0802.pdf
Greene, Jay, "Choosing Integration," The Wall Street Journal, July 8,
2002, found the opposite: independent and parochial schools are more
racially diverse that State (government, generally)-operated schools
in the US.
Greene's full study, "The Racial, Economic, and Religious Context of
Parental Choice in Cleveland," is at www.ksg.harvard.edu/pepg.
(jalison/Buckeye): "II. THE BACKGROUND TO VOUCHERS AND THE RELIGION
CLAUSES OF THE FIRST AMENDMENT
A. The Historical Roots of Vouchers
The idea of tuition vouchers can be traced back to the French
Revolution in
1793.9 At that time, the Catholic Church thwarted the French
government's
efforts to create a system of public schools, and in its place,
initiated a
system whereby parents were given vouchers to send their children to
religious schools.10 The voucher committed the state to pay the
tuition
(rébribution scolaire) of each student at a standard rate."
Tax support of parent choice among church-operated schools in the
British colonies of North America predates 1793.
John Derbyshire,
New English Review, Dec. 2006
"The Dream Palace of Educational Theorists"
http://www.newenglishreview.org/custpage.cfm?frm=4844&sec_id=4844
Neal McClusky on corruption in schools
http://www.cato.org/pubs/pas/pa542.pdf
http://www.ednews.org/articles/3721/1/The-Reality-of-School-Corruption/Page1.html
Please read this one page Marvin Minsky comment on school.
http://www.rru.com/~meo/hs.minski.html
This article on artificially extended adolescence by Ted Kolderie.
http://www.educationevolving.org/pdf/Adolescence.pdf
E.G. West, "Education Vouchers in Principle and Practice: A Survey",
The World Bank Research Observer.
http://www.worldbank.org/research/journals/wbro/obsfeb97/educate.htm
Neal McCluskey on conflict of values
http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=6870
.

User: ""
Title: Re: Vouchers and the Privatization of American Education	09 Mar 2007 10:18:47 AM

"Jeff Strickland" <crwlr@verizon.net> wrote:

:|I am at a paradox here.

Actually you have shown yourself to be a idiot here
You have also shown yourself to be firmly in the camp of the Radical
Religious Right and one could say ultra conservative.possibly

I do not support vouchers,

So you say. However the problem with that is you have offered every single
pro argument that anyone who is pro voucher has ever offered on line over
the past few years and you argue far too pro voucher for anyone to really
believe you don't support vouchers.
After all, you support every other pro RRR position.
***************************************************************
You are invited to check out the following:
The Rise of the Theocratic States of America
http://members.tripod.com/~candst/theocracy.htm
American Theocrats - Past and Present
http://members.tripod.com/~candst/theocrats.htm
The Constitutional Principle: Separation of Church and State
http://members.tripod.com/~candst/index.html
[and to join the discussion group for the above site and/or Separation of
Church and State in general, listed below]
HRSepCnS · Historical Reality SepChurch&State
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/HRSepCnS/
***************************************************************
.. . . You can't understand a phrase such as "Congress shall make no law
respecting an establishment of religion" by syllogistic reasoning. Words
take their meaning from social as well as textual contexts, which is why "a
page of history is worth a volume of logic." New York Trust Co. v. Eisner,
256 U.S. 345, 349, 41 S.Ct. 506, 507, 65 L.Ed. 963 (1921) (Holmes, J.).
Sherman v. Community Consol. Dist. 21, 980 F.2d 437, 445 (7th Cir. 1992)
.. . .
****************************************************************
USAF LT. COL (Ret) Buffman (Glen P. Goffin) wrote
"You pilot always into an unknown future;
facts are your only clue. Get the facts!"
That philosophy 'snipit' helped to get me, and my crew, through a good
many combat missions and far too many scary, inflight, emergencies.
It has also played a significant role in helping me to expose the
plethora of radical Christian propaganda and lies that we find at
almost every media turn.
*****************************************************************
THE CONSTITUTIONAL PRINCIPLE:
SEPARATION OF CHURCH AND STATE

http://members.tripod.com/~candst/index.html
****************************************************************
.

Page 1 of 1

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