Science > Physics > Quantum Gravity-Dark Energy as Zero-Infinity (Coded as 0-1) Duals 6.1 Poland
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Science > Physics |
| User: |
"OsherD" |
| Date: |
01 Mar 2006 02:07:58 AM |
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Quantum Gravity-Dark Energy as Zero-Infinity (Coded as 0-1) Duals 6.1 Poland |
From Osher Doctorow
Polish-origin Nobel Laureates included the Curies and Michelson, but
Kuratowski is regarded as the "father of topology", Jan Lukaciewicz was
the co-founder of the Warszaw School of Logic, Jerzy Neyman-Splawa
(Neyman) was one of the three pioneers of modern statistics (together
with Fisher and Pearson of the U.K.), Waclaw Sierpinski was the "father
of the Polish School of Mathematics" including the continuum hypothesis
and other contributions to set theory, Alfred Tarski was a major
pioneer in metalanguage and decision theory and model theory, etc.
Osher Doctorow
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| User: "Khadiija Faatima" |
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| Title: Re: Quantum Gravity-Dark Energy as Zero-Infinity (Coded as 0-1) Duals 6.1 Poland |
01 Mar 2006 02:54:01 PM |
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"OsherD" <> wrote in message
news:1141200478.657956.261150@i40g2000cwc.googlegroups.com...
From Osher Doctorow
Polish-origin Nobel Laureates included the Curies and Michelson, but
Kuratowski is regarded as the "father of topology", Jan Lukaciewicz was
the co-founder of the Warszaw School of Logic, Jerzy Neyman-Splawa
(Neyman) was one of the three pioneers of modern statistics (together
with Fisher and Pearson of the U.K.), Waclaw Sierpinski was the "father
of the Polish School of Mathematics" including the continuum hypothesis
and other contributions to set theory, Alfred Tarski was a major
pioneer in metalanguage and decision theory and model theory, etc.
Osher Doctorow
You should also mention that
Arab contributions to mathematics and the introduction of the Zero
Regional, Science, 4/22/1998
Arab contributions to human civilization are noteworthy. In arithmetic the
style of writing digits from right to left is an evidence of its Arab
origin. For instance, the numeral for five hundred in English should be
written as 005, not as 500 according to English's left-to-right reading
style.
Another invention that revolutionized mathematics was the introduction of
the number zero by Muhammad Bin Ahmad in 967 AD. Zero was introduced in the
West as late as the beginning of the thirteenth century. Modern society
takes the invention of the zero for granted, yet the Zero is a non-trivial
concept, that allowed major mathematical breakthroughs.
Arab civilizations also made a great contribution to fractions and to the
principle of errors, which is employed to solve Algebra problems
arithmetically.
Concerning Algebra, al-Khawarzmi is credited with the first treatise. He
solved Algebra equations of the first and second degree (known as quadratic
equations, and are are prevelant in science and engineering) and also
introduced the geometrical method of solving these equations.
He also recognized that quadratic equations have two roots. His method was
continued by Thabet Bin Qura, the translator of Ptolemy's works who
developed Algebra and first realized application in geometry. By the 11th
century the Arabs had founded, developed and perfected geometrical algebra
and could solve equations of the third and fourth degree.
Another outstanding Arab mathematician is Abul Wafa who created and
successfully developed a branch of geometry which consists of problems
leading to equations in Algebra of a higher degree than the second. He made
a number of valuable contributions to polyhedral theory.
Al-Karaki, of the 11th century is considered to be one of the greatest Arab
mathematicians. He composed one arithmetic book and another on Algebra. In
the two books, he developed an approximate method of finding square roots, a
theory of indices, a theory of mathematical induction and a theory of
intermediate quadratic equations.
Arabs have excelled in geometry, starting with the transition of Euclid and
conic section of Apolonios and they preserved the genuine works of these two
Greek masters for the modern world, by the 9th century AD. and then started
making new discoveries in this domain.
In his book translated by Roger Bacon, Ibn al-Haitham wrote a book on
geometrical optics, dealing with problems that would be difficult to solve
even now.
It is also at the hand of the Arabs that the geometry of conic sections was
developed to a great extent.
However, Arab achievements in this field were crowned by the discovery made
by Abu Jafar Muhammad Ibn Muhammad Ibn al-Hassan, known as Nassereddine
al-Tusi. Al-Tusi separated trigonometry from astronomy. This contribution
recognizes and explains weakness in Euclid's theory of parallels, and
thereby may thus be credited as founder of non-Euclidian geometry.
http://www.arabicnews.com/ansub/Daily/Day/980422/1998042208.html
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