| Topic: |
Science > Physics |
| User: |
"Nom" |
| Date: |
19 Jan 2006 08:47:21 AM |
| Object: |
"The Matter of "Dark Matter" |
"The Matter of "Dark Matter"
There have been many postings about the mysterious "Dark
Matter" which is alleged to constitute 90 to 95% of the mass(energy) content
of
the Universe. The presence of this "Dark Matter" is indicated by the
observed
gravitational behavior of galaxies and clusters of galaxies. A large effort
is
apparently underway to detect this "Dark Matter" and to determine its
nature. In
all of the discussions there seems to be little attention to the 3 - 3.5
degree
K background radiation known for decades to be present. If one examined the
energy represented by this radiation, he finds that it is 10 to 20 times the
energy represented by the mass of conventional matter. Obviously, however,
there
is no need to pay attention to this radiation because, as everyone knows,
electromagnetic radiation does not possess inertial or gravitational mass.
Since everyone "knows" that electromagnetic radiation does not
possess inertial or gravitational mass, it behooves us to examine the
validity
of that belief. It has long been known that electromagnetic radiation
transports
momentum as witnessed by the pressure of Solar radiation which causes comets
to
have "tails". In addition, mainstream physicists have discussed the
feasibility
of using "light sails" for the propulsion of long distance space ships.
Mainstream physics tells us that the momentum transported by a photon is
identical to the momentum which would be transported by a material particle
of
the same total energy (rest mass plus kinetic energy). - I know that the
rest
mass of a material particle traveling at the velocity of light must be zero.
But
lets not quibble, divide that zero by the zero represented by the Lorentz
Transformation for mass and the inertial mass of the material particle can
have
any value between the limits of +/- zero. Since momentum is equal to the
product
of inertial mass and velocity, and the momentum of a photon is given by its
energy divided by the velocity of light, then dividing the equation which
provides the momentum of a photon by C shows that the photon behaves as if
its
inertial mass were equal to its energy divided by the square of the velocity
of
light. Maybe photons do not possess inertial mass in spite of observation,
but
as far as the writer is concerned, if it looks like a duck, walks like a
duck,
and quacks like a duck, he is willing to accept that it is a duck. The
inertial
mass of photons meet this test and if the current state of physical
knowledge
teaches otherwise it is time for physicists to rethink the subject.
Since photons act as if they possess inertial mass traveling
at the velocity of light, the background radiation of space must exert a
pressure which acting to cause the Universe to attempt to expand. Let us
examine
whether those same photons possess a gravitational mass. This is best done
by
considering an ideal thought experiment along the lines of those used by Dr.
Einstein. Consider a cold gravitational massive planet in intergalactic
space
(to eliminate spurious disturbances). Attached to opposite sides of this
planet
are columns each of which support an ideal retro reflector having 100%
efficiency. A beam of photons is sent from one of the retroreflectors, is
bent
by the planet's gravitational field as required by General Relativity, and
strikes the retroreflector on the other side of the planet. Because these
are
ideal retroreflectors, the photons are constrained to continuously travel
bask
and forth past the planets surface. It is a simple calculation (not
involving
relativity) to show that as a result of the gravitational "refraction" of
the
photon's path the process will cause a net force to be exerted on the
retroreflectors in a direction which is "down" at the point where the
photons
pass the surface. If we are to accept that the "Laws of Conservation of
Energy
and Momentum" are valid, then there must be an upward pull on the planet
equal
to the downward push on the retroreflectors. If these two forces are not
equal,
the entire system could be used as a "space tug" in violation of Newton's
Second
Law and/or a source of limitless energy in violation of the First Law of
Thermodynamics. The thought experiment is diagrammed in
http://einsteinhoax.com/cf83.gif. Its validity does not depend upon
relativistic
considerations. This thought experiment shows that, if light is observed to
be
"refracted" by a gravitational field, that "refraction" must result not from
the
'curvature" of space but from a gravitational force. The magnitude of that
force
must result from the photons having a "gravitational mass" equal to twice
their
inertial mass. For a more detained discussion see paragraphs 8.8 and 8.9 of
http://einsteinhoax.com/hoax.htm.
When one combines the effects of the gravitational and
inertial "masses" the photons which are observed to propagate through our
Universe one finds that the inertial mass tends to act as a gas to expand
the
Universe while the gravitational mass acts like any other gravitational mass
and
acts to contract the Universe. The size of the Universe at any one time is
determined primarily by the balance between these two effects. Once the "big
bang" state had been reached, the pressure of photons acted to produce the
observed expansion which will go on forever. All of these conclusions are
derived and discussed at http://einsteinhoax.com/index.htm .
The source material for this posting may be found in
http://einsteinhoax.com/hoax.htm ("The Einstein Hoax" {1997});
http://einsteinhoax.com/gravity.htm; ("Gravity" {1987}); and
http://einsteinhoax.com/relcor.htm ("Corrections to Special Relativity"
{1997}). EVERYTHING WHICH WE ACCEPT AS TRUE MUST BE CONSISTENT WITH
EVERYTHING ELSE WE HAVE ACCEPTED AS TRUE, IT MUST BE CONSISTENT WITH ALL
OBSERVATIONS, AND IT MUST BE MATHEMATICALLY VIABLE. PRESENT TEACHINGS DO NOT
ALWAYS MEET THIS REQUIREMENT. THE WORLD IS ENTITLED TO A HIGHER STANDARD OF
WORKMANSHIP FROM THOSE IT HAS GRANTED WORLD CLASS STATUS.
All of the Newsposts made by this site may be viewed at
http://einsteinhoax.com/postinglog.htm.
Please make any response via E-mail as Newsgroups are not monitored on
a regular basis. Objective responses will be treated with the same courtesy
as they are presented. To prevent the wastage of time on both of our parts,
please do not raise objections that are not related to material that you
have read at the Website. This posting is merely a summary.
E-mail:-
The material at the Website has been posted continuously for over 5
years. In that time THERE HAVE BEEN NO OBJECTIVE REBUTTALS OF ANY OF THE
MATERIAL PRESENTED. There have only been hand waving arguments by
individuals who have mindlessly accepted the prevailing wisdom without
questioning it. If anyone provides a significant rebuttal that cannot be
objectively answered, the material at the Website will be withdrawn.
Challenges to date have revealed only the responder's inadequacy with one
exception for which a correction was provided.
.
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