| Topic: |
Science > Physics |
| User: |
"Bew" |
| Date: |
07 Jun 2006 09:15:01 AM |
| Object: |
"The Nature of Mass" |
"The Nature of Mass"
We have all been taught in our physics classes that mass is one of the
fundamental entities of our reality and that all of the effects occurring in
our Universe are dependent on interactions between masses. It behooves us
then to examine what we know of mass.
About 40 years ago the writer came across the observation in a
Scientific American article that, in the equation E=M*C^2 there can only be
two independent variables. One of those variables, E, M, or C must be
dependent upon the other two. If we look at the velocity of light, C, it is
obvious that it must be one of the independent variables. Since velocity
involves only length and time, we can measure the velocity of light under
conditions that are independent of either mass or energy. Similarly, it is
obvious that energy, E, is an independent variable since energy involves
only force and length, we can also measure it under conditions that are
independent of the velocity of light and of mass. There remains only mass to
be examined.
If one wished to determine the mass of an object, one could weigh it
(gravitational mass), shake it (inertial mass) or observe the amount of
energy released if it where annihilated. Weighing a mass provides a
measurement of its mass but the observation is made in terms of a reference
mass (e.g.- the mass of the Earth) and, in effect, we would then be defining
the mass in terms of another mass. This is hardly an acceptable solution
since it leads to a dead end. Annihilating the mass is a legitimate solution
providing one can measure the energy content of the end products without
relying on a measurement of their mass (such a reliance would be a form of
circular reasoning). The remaining possibility is to measure the inertial
properties of the mass by, for example, shaking it and measuring the force
required to produce an a given acceleration. This type of measurement
involves force, length, and time, all of which are directly observable and
does not suffer form the limitations of the other methods. What we would
then be doing is measuring mass as the incremental impulse required to
produce an incremental change in velocity. (In the case of photons and
neutrinos it might be desirable to remove the word "incremental" from the
measurement since these particles exist only at the velocity of light). Seen
in this light, what we consider to be mass is actually a property which is
an indication of the energy required to change the velocity of the quantity
of energy defined by E=M*C^2. With this definition, the Lorentz
Transformation for Mass becomes equal to the cube of the accepted value and
allows problems involving STR to be solved without resorting to momentum.
This conclusion is consistent with STR because the conventional Lorentz
Transformation results when one integrates this transformation between the
velocity limits of 0 and V.
An intellectual difficulty occurs when one considers the so-called
"massless" particles. They have this name because they have no "rest mass".
A reasonable man would consider such a terminology to be frivolous because
these particles exist only when traveling at the velocity of light. They
have no "rest mass" because they don't exist at rest. These so called
"massless" particles do however, possess inertial mass as evidenced by the
radiation pressure they exert when their velocity vectors are altered,
either by reflection or absorption. They provide the same reaction force as
would a material particle of the same relativistic mass that was traveling
infinitesimally close to the velocity of light. They also experience
gravitational forces that are twice the force that would be experienced by a
material particle of the same energy. A simple "thought experiment" as
outlined in Part 4 of http://einsteinhoax.com/gravity.htm easily shows this.
(The writer has received a rather cryptic E-mail from someone who apparently
is associated
with the physics establishment to the effect that the photon imparts
momentum because its energy is equal to the product of its frequency and
Plank's Constant and it is traveling at the velocity of light. The sender
denied vehemently that the expression E=M*C^2 and the idea that even though
the photon contains energy and imparts a momentum equivalent to a mass of
that energy traveling at the velocity of light, means that the photon has
mass. Bertrand Russell is reported to have said that the sign of a great
mind is the ability to hold two mutually exclusive beliefs at the same time.
The writer disagrees with him. That ability is the sign of a mind which is
too lazy to resolve the contradiction and/or is too damn lazy or too damn
stupid to resolve it)
The inertial and gravitational masses of the so-called "massless"
particles have a significant effect on our understanding of cosmology. A
back of the envelope calculation suggests that the inertial mass of these
particles, as evidenced by the 3 degree Kelvin radiation temperature of
space, exceeds the inertial mass of the matter in our Universe by a factor
of 10. When we consider that neutrinos are formed in nucleons that have 1800
times the energy content of the source of photons (electrons), it may be
possible that the mass of neutrinos outweighs the mass of photons by a
factor of 1800! Looked at it in this light, our Universe may actually be a
gasbag of photons and neutrinos filled with a miniscule amount of the dust
we call matter. Rather than being the King of the Universe, what we call as
matter may actually be only a miniscule contaminant.
If we examine the radiation pressure produced by the observed level of
photons in space, it is easy to see why space appears to be expanding.
Radiation pressure is counteracting the gravitational pressure. It is also
easy to understand why the dynamics of galaxies appears to be skewed by what
is termed "dark matter". There would seem to be no need to postulate the
existence of "dark matter" until the gravitational and inertial effects of
the photons and neutrinos that populate the Universe have been amply
explored. This has not been done, primarily because these particles have
been foolishly defined as "massless".
The source material for this posting may be found in
http://einsteinhoax.com/hoax.htm/ (1997);
http://einsteinhoax.com/gravity.htm (1987); and
http://einsteinhoax.com/relcor.htm (1997). EVERYTHING WHICH WE ACCEPT AS
TRUE MUST BE CONSISTENT WITH EVERYTHING ELSE WE HAVE ACCEPTED AS TRUE, IT
MUST BE CONSISTENT WITH ALL OBSERVATIONS, AND IT MUST BE MATHEMATICALLY
VIABLE. PRESENT TEACHINGS DO NOT ALWAYS MEET THIS REQUIREMENT. THE WORLD IS
ENTITLED TO A HIGHER STANDARD OF WORKMANSHIP FROM THOSE IT HAS GRANTED WORLD
CLASS STATUS.
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http://einsteinhoax.com/postinglog.htm.
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years. In that time THERE HAVE BEEN NO OBJECTIVE REBUTTALS OF ANY OF THE
MATERIAL PRESENTED. There have only been hand waving arguments by
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Challenges to date have revealed only the responder's inadequacy with one
exception for which a correction was provided.
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