ELECTROSTATICS. The electrostatic theory is based on the assumption
that forces involved in energy changes are CONSERVATIVE. The following
quotation makes the assumption clearer: "We must remember that the only
physical fact underlying this discussion is Coulomb's law, the
remainder of the discusion being mathematical, and therefore we cannot
expect to obtain any physical concept regarding the mechanical
interaction of charges which will add any physical facts beyond
Coulomb's law." (Panofsky, Phillips, CLASSICAL ELECTRICITY AND
MAGNETISM, 1962, p.103.) The problem is that a system in which only
Coulomb's law is acting is unable to exchange heat under isothermal
conditions (friction is neglected). Yet the electrostatic theory deals
with the concept of isothermal heat exchange (not caused by friction)
and therefore we do have "physical facts beyond Coulomb's law".

THERMODYNAMICS. In 1824 Sadi Carnot deduced the conclusion "All
reversible heat engines working between the same two temperatures have
the same efficiency" from the false assumption "While flowing from hot
to cold and doing work in the process heat is conserved". Clausius and
Kelvin kept the false assumption for some time and extracted a lot of
profit from the conclusion. Then they did declare that Carnot's
assumption was false but continued to exploit the profitable
conclusion: somehow they managed to convince the world that "All
reversible heat engines working between the same two temperatures have
the same efficiency", although being a corollary of Carnot's false
assumption, could also be deduced from the the true assumption "Heat
never flows spontaneously from cold to hot" and therefore was true.

RELATIVITY. Initially Einstein based his theory on the false principle
of CONSTANCY of the speed of light, deduced miracles (time dilation,
length contraction etc.) and was deified. It was easy to refute the
miracles through REDUCTIO AD ABSURDUM but unfortunately scientists
discovered that theories could only be refuted through experiments
(REDUCTIO AD ABSURDUM did not seem to be an experimental procedure).
Being a deity, Einstein introduced the true principle of VARIABILITY of
the speed of light and obtained correct results, e.g. the gravitational
redshift factor. Einsteinians camouflaged the coexistence of the two
incompatible principles.

OPTICS. In the third book of Opticks Newton wrote: "Do not the rays of
Light which fall upon Bodies and are reflected or refracted, begin to
bend before they arrive at the Bodies; and are they not reflected,
refracted and inflected by one and the same Principle, acting variously
in various circumstances?". Newton's assumption is quite reasonable but
the modern theory of optics is implicitly based on its negation e.g.
implying that refraction is due to the change of the speed of light
AFTER the incidence and not to any bending BEFORE the incidence.

Pentcho Valev