| Topic: |
Politics > Politics-USA |
| User: |
"nowarforisrael.com" |
| Date: |
24 Jan 2008 09:52:44 AM |
| Object: |
Israel's average IQ is 94, at the lower end of the European range |
That old jewish intelligence myth busted:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IQ_and_the_Wealth_of_Nations
Sample rank, country, IQ average.
1 South Korea 109
3 Japan 105
7 Germany 102
15 United Kingdom 100
23 United States 98
33 Israel 94
It would explain why Hollywood movies are so dumb.
.
|
|
| User: "" |
|
| Title: Re: Israel's average IQ is 94, at the lower end of the European range |
25 Jan 2008 03:04:13 AM |
|
|
On 24 Jan, 16:52, "nowarforisrael.com"
<bbbbbdfgdfgdgd...@googlemail.com> wrote:
That old jewish intelligence myth busted:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IQ_and_the_Wealth_of_Nations
Sample rank, country, IQ average.
1 =A0 =A0 =A0 South Korea =A0 =A0 109
3 =A0 =A0 =A0 Japan =A0 =A0 =A0 =A0 =A0 =A0 =A0105
7 =A0 =A0 =A0 Germany =A0 =A0 =A0 =A0 102
15 =A0 =A0 United Kingdom 100
23 =A0 =A0 United States =A0 =A098
33 =A0 =A0Israel =A0 =A0 =A0 =A0 =A0 =A0 =A0 =A094
Note that most of the world's Jews don't live in Israel.
Note also that by no means all Israelis are Jews.
Thus, the average IQ of Israel is no mroe the average IQ of Jews than
the average IQ of Rio De Janeiro is that of Catholics
.
|
|
|
| User: "Midex" |
|
| Title: Re: Israel's average IQ is 94, at the lower end of the European range |
25 Jan 2008 07:35:20 PM |
|
|
On 25 jan, 07:04, wrote:
On 24 Jan, 16:52, "nowarforisrael.com"
<bbbbbdfgdfgdgd...@googlemail.com> wrote:
That old jewish intelligence myth busted:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IQ_and_the_Wealth_of_Nations
Sample rank, country, IQ average.
1 South Korea 109
3 Japan 105
7 Germany 102
15 United Kingdom 100
23 United States 98
33 Israel 94
Note that most of the world's Jews don't live in Israel.
Note also that by no means all Israelis are Jews.
Thus, the average IQ of Israel is no mroe the average IQ of Jews than
the average IQ of Rio De Janeiro is that of Catholics
You know the jew's lies get weaker and weaker. Your arses are hanging
out:
Jewish &&&&&&&&05394400.&&&&&05,394,400 75.79%
Israeli Arab &&&&&&&&01413300.&&&&&01,413,300 19.86%
Unaffiliated &&&&&&&&&0309900.&&&&&0309,900 4.35%
Let me show you something. Lets say that: all the Israeli:
muslims had an IQ of 60 (impossible)
all the Israeli jews had an IQ of X
All the unaffiliated had and IQ of 60 too (impossible)
Thats 0.19x60 + 0.7579xX+0.04x60 = 94
= 11.4 +0.7579X + 2.4 = 13.8 + 0.7579X = 94
'So
X = (94-13.8)/0.7579 = 105 Avergae IQ for jews IF Arabs are mentally
retarded:
"Mental retardation is a term for a pattern of persistently slow
learning of basic motor and language skills ("milestones") during
childhood, and a significantly below-normal global intellectual
capacity as an adult. One common criterion for diagnosis of mental
retardation is a tested intelligence quotient (IQ) of 70 or"
So clearly, looking at the figures above for the rest of the world,
Jews arn't that smart.
Incidentally, Australia also has IQ 98 the same as America, which is
not suprising. I think being victims of Propaganda has alot to do with
IQ - and that would explain Israel, because they would be the biggest
victims of Zionist propaganda.
Watching too much television and reading smutty tabloid news lowers
your IQ.
.
|
|
|
| User: "Kurt Knoll" |
|
| Title: Re: Israel's average IQ is 94, at the lower end of the European range |
25 Jan 2008 08:38:08 PM |
|
|
Habe ich mir schon immer gedacht. Ich glaube auch das sie nur das Loch in
der Mitte ihrer Krapfen essen.
Kurt Knoll.
"Midex" <jbmccrann@gmail.com> wrote in message
news:96ce701d-ca33-4906-b069-51ee285353ee@l32g2000hse.googlegroups.com...
On 25 jan, 07:04, wrote:
On 24 Jan, 16:52, "nowarforisrael.com"
<bbbbbdfgdfgdgd...@googlemail.com> wrote:
That old jewish intelligence myth busted:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IQ_and_the_Wealth_of_Nations
Sample rank, country, IQ average.
1 South Korea 109
3 Japan 105
7 Germany 102
15 United Kingdom 100
23 United States 98
33 Israel 94
Note that most of the world's Jews don't live in Israel.
Note also that by no means all Israelis are Jews.
Thus, the average IQ of Israel is no mroe the average IQ of Jews than
the average IQ of Rio De Janeiro is that of Catholics
You know the jew's lies get weaker and weaker. Your arses are hanging
out:
Jewish &&&&&&&&05394400.&&&&&05,394,400 75.79%
Israeli Arab &&&&&&&&01413300.&&&&&01,413,300 19.86%
Unaffiliated &&&&&&&&&0309900.&&&&&0309,900 4.35%
Let me show you something. Lets say that: all the Israeli:
muslims had an IQ of 60 (impossible)
all the Israeli jews had an IQ of X
All the unaffiliated had and IQ of 60 too (impossible)
Thats 0.19x60 + 0.7579xX+0.04x60 = 94
= 11.4 +0.7579X + 2.4 = 13.8 + 0.7579X = 94
'So
X = (94-13.8)/0.7579 = 105 Avergae IQ for jews IF Arabs are mentally
retarded:
"Mental retardation is a term for a pattern of persistently slow
learning of basic motor and language skills ("milestones") during
childhood, and a significantly below-normal global intellectual
capacity as an adult. One common criterion for diagnosis of mental
retardation is a tested intelligence quotient (IQ) of 70 or"
So clearly, looking at the figures above for the rest of the world,
Jews arn't that smart.
Incidentally, Australia also has IQ 98 the same as America, which is
not suprising. I think being victims of Propaganda has alot to do with
IQ - and that would explain Israel, because they would be the biggest
victims of Zionist propaganda.
Watching too much television and reading smutty tabloid news lowers
your IQ.
.
|
|
|
| User: "Kenneth McVay OBC" |
|
| Title: Tribe Knoll's average IQ is 00, at the lower end of the human range |
25 Jan 2008 09:20:36 PM |
|
|
In article <k2xmj.10159$ow.7166@pd7urf1no>,
The Intellectual Leader of Holocaust Revisionism,
Kurt Knoll, the reigning Village Idiot of Kitimat,
<kknoll3@yahoo.com> wrote:
Habe ich mir schon immer gedacht. Ich glaube auch das sie nur das Loch in
der Mitte ihrer Krapfen essen.
The fact that Kurt and Werner Knoll live in Canada drags our average down.
33 Statements Qualifying Kurt Knoll as the Intellectual Giant
of Holocaust Denial:
http://www.nizkor.org/hweb/people/k/knoll-kurt/
--
"In the final analysis, one does not refute a closed system, a total
lie that is not refutable to the extent that its conclusions has
preceded any evidence." (Vidal-Naquet, Pierre. Assassins of Memory,
New York: Columbia University Press. p.81)
.
|
|
|
|
| User: "Ah man" |
|
| Title: Re: Israel's average IQ is 94, at the lower end of the European range |
31 Jan 2008 03:17:47 PM |
|
|
On 26 jan, 00:38, "Kurt Knoll" <kkno...@yahoo.com> wrote:
Habe ich mir schon immer gedacht. Ich glaube auch das sie nur das Loch in
der Mitte ihrer Krapfen essen.
Kurt Knoll.
Here is a better theory: All the world's dumb jews go to Israel. The
smart ones know its a lost cause and stay away.
I like that theory.
"Midex" <jbmccr...@gmail.com> wrote in message
news:96ce701d-ca33-4906-b069-51ee285353ee@l32g2000hse.googlegroups.com...
On 25 jan, 07:04, wrote:
On 24 Jan, 16:52, "nowarforisrael.com"
<bbbbbdfgdfgdgd...@googlemail.com> wrote:
That old jewish intelligence myth busted:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IQ_and_the_Wealth_of_Nations
Sample rank, country, IQ average.
1 South Korea 109
3 Japan 105
7 Germany 102
15 United Kingdom 100
23 United States 98
33 Israel 94
Note that most of the world's Jews don't live in Israel.
Note also that by no means all Israelis are Jews.
Thus, the average IQ of Israel is no mroe the average IQ of Jews than
the average IQ of Rio De Janeiro is that of Catholics
You know the jew's lies get weaker and weaker. Your arses are hanging
out:
Jewish &&&&&&&&05394400.&&&&&05,394,400 75.79%
Israeli Arab &&&&&&&&01413300.&&&&&01,413,300 19.86%
Unaffiliated &&&&&&&&&0309900.&&&&&0309,900 4.35%
Let me show you something. Lets say that: all the Israeli:
muslims had an IQ of 60 (impossible)
all the Israeli jews had an IQ of X
All the unaffiliated had and IQ of 60 too (impossible)
Thats 0.19x60 + 0.7579xX+0.04x60 = 94
= 11.4 +0.7579X + 2.4 = 13.8 + 0.7579X = 94
'So
X = (94-13.8)/0.7579 = 105 Avergae IQ for jews IF Arabs are mentally
retarded:
"Mental retardation is a term for a pattern of persistently slow
learning of basic motor and language skills ("milestones") during
childhood, and a significantly below-normal global intellectual
capacity as an adult. One common criterion for diagnosis of mental
retardation is a tested intelligence quotient (IQ) of 70 or"
So clearly, looking at the figures above for the rest of the world,
Jews arn't that smart.
Incidentally, Australia also has IQ 98 the same as America, which is
not suprising. I think being victims of Propaganda has alot to do with
IQ - and that would explain Israel, because they would be the biggest
victims of Zionist propaganda.
Watching too much television and reading smutty tabloid news lowers
your IQ.
.
|
|
|
|
|
| User: "" |
|
| Title: Re: Israel's average IQ is 94, at the lower end of the European range |
26 Jan 2008 05:24:47 AM |
|
|
On 26 Jan, 02:35, Midex <jbmccr...@gmail.com> wrote:
On 25 jan, 07:04, wrote:
On 24 Jan, 16:52, "nowarforisrael.com"
<bbbbbdfgdfgdgd...@googlemail.com> wrote:
That old jewish intelligence myth busted:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IQ_and_the_Wealth_of_Nations
Sample rank, country, IQ average.
1 South Korea 109
3 Japan 105
7 Germany 102
15 United Kingdom 100
23 United States 98
33 Israel 94
Note that most of the world's Jews don't live in Israel.
Note also that by no means all Israelis are Jews.
Thus, the average IQ of Israel is no mroe the average IQ of Jews than
the average IQ of Rio De Janeiro is that of Catholics
You know the jew's lies get weaker and weaker. Your arses are hanging
out:
Jewish &&&&&&&&05394400.&&&&&05,394,400 75.79%
Israeli Arab &&&&&&&&01413300.&&&&&01,413,300 19.86%
Unaffiliated &&&&&&&&&0309900.&&&&&0309,900 4.35%
Let me show you something. Lets say that: all the Israeli:
muslims had an IQ of 60 (impossible)
all the Israeli jews had an IQ of X
All the unaffiliated had and IQ of 60 too (impossible)
Thats 0.19x60 + 0.7579xX+0.04x60 = 94
= 11.4 +0.7579X + 2.4 = 13.8 + 0.7579X = 94
'So
X = (94-13.8)/0.7579 = 105 Avergae IQ for jews IF Arabs are mentally
retarded:
"Mental retardation is a term for a pattern of persistently slow
learning of basic motor and language skills ("milestones") during
childhood, and a significantly below-normal global intellectual
capacity as an adult. One common criterion for diagnosis of mental
retardation is a tested intelligence quotient (IQ) of 70 or"
So clearly, looking at the figures above for the rest of the world,
Jews arn't that smart.
Incidentally, Australia also has IQ 98 the same as America, which is
not suprising. I think being victims of Propaganda has alot to do with
IQ - and that would explain Israel, because they would be the biggest
victims of Zionist propaganda.
Watching too much television and reading smutty tabloid news lowers
your IQ.
Well stop doing it, then.
.
|
|
|
|
| User: "" |
|
| Title: Re: Israel's average IQ is 94, at the lower end of the European range |
31 Jan 2008 04:40:32 PM |
|
|
On Jan 26, 12:35 pm, Midex <jbmccr...@gmail.com> wrote:
On 25 jan, 07:04, wrote:
On 24 Jan, 16:52, "nowarforisrael.com"
<bbbbbdfgdfgdgd...@googlemail.com> wrote:
That old jewish intelligence myth busted:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IQ_and_the_Wealth_of_Nations
Sample rank, country, IQ average.
1 South Korea 109
3 Japan 105
7 Germany 102
15 United Kingdom 100
23 United States 98
33 Israel 94
Note that most of the world's Jews don't live in Israel.
Note also that by no means all Israelis are Jews.
Thus, the average IQ of Israel is no mroe the average IQ of Jews than
the average IQ of Rio De Janeiro is that of Catholics
You know the jew's lies get weaker and weaker. Your arses are hanging
out:
Jewish &&&&&&&&05394400.&&&&&05,394,400 75.79%
Israeli Arab &&&&&&&&01413300.&&&&&01,413,300 19.86%
Unaffiliated &&&&&&&&&0309900.&&&&&0309,900 4.35%
Let me show you something. Lets say that: all the Israeli:
muslims had an IQ of 60 (impossible)
all the Israeli jews had an IQ of X
All the unaffiliated had and IQ of 60 too (impossible)
Thats 0.19x60 + 0.7579xX+0.04x60 = 94
= 11.4 +0.7579X + 2.4 = 13.8 + 0.7579X = 94
'So
X = (94-13.8)/0.7579 = 105 Avergae IQ for jews IF Arabs are mentally
retarded:
"Mental retardation is a term for a pattern of persistently slow
learning of basic motor and language skills ("milestones") during
childhood, and a significantly below-normal global intellectual
capacity as an adult. One common criterion for diagnosis of mental
retardation is a tested intelligence quotient (IQ) of 70 or"
So clearly, looking at the figures above for the rest of the world,
Jews arn't that smart.
Incidentally, Australia also has IQ 98 the same as America, which is
not suprising. I think being victims of Propaganda has alot to do with
IQ - and that would explain Israel, because they would be the biggest
victims of Zionist propaganda.
Watching too much television and reading smutty tabloid news lowers
your IQ.
jake, your IQ is about 15.
.
|
|
|
|
|
|
| User: "" |
|
| Title: Re: Israel's average IQ is 94, at the lower end of the European range |
24 Jan 2008 09:59:52 AM |
|
|
On 24 Jan., 16:52, "nowarforisrael.com"
<bbbbbdfgdfgdgd...@googlemail.com> wrote:
That old jewish intelligence myth busted:
Das ist f=FCr halbwegs intelligente Menschen sicher keine =DCberraschung.
Gerade auch hier in dspm haben diesen Schlu=DF schon viele Teilnehmer
gezogen und dies schon vor sehr langer Zeit.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IQ_and_the_Wealth_of_Nations
Sample rank, country, IQ average.
1 South Korea 109
3 Japan 105
7 Germany 102
15 United Kingdom 100
23 United States 98
33 Israel 94
It would explain why Hollywood movies are so dumb.
Auch wahr, die haben den bei ihnen nicht vorhandenen Geist einfach
durch plumpe Gewalt ersetzt, ganz so, wie sie es in Pal=E4stina mit
ihrer "Politik" auch machen.
.
|
|
|
| User: "Michael Ceglar" |
|
| Title: Re: Israel's average IQ is 94, at the lower end of the European range |
24 Jan 2008 10:23:46 AM |
|
|
On 24 Jan., 16:59, wrote:
On 24 Jan., 16:52, "nowarforisrael.com"
<bbbbbdfgdfgdgd...@googlemail.com> wrote:
That old jewish intelligence myth busted:
Das ist f=FCr halbwegs intelligente Menschen sicher keine =DCberraschung.
Es ist aber schon eine =DCberraschung, wenn Leute die sich f=FCr
intelligent halten, Intelligenz mit IQ-Tests messen wollen und aus
diesem Bl=F6delspiele auch noch Schlu=DFfolgerungen ziehen.
Da kannst du genauso den "Bin-ich-attraktiv"-Test aus der Bravo
nehmen.
Gru=DF
Michael
.
|
|
|
|
|
| User: "Midex" |
|
| Title: Re: Israel's average IQ is 94, at the lower end of the European range |
25 Jan 2008 07:37:42 PM |
|
|
On 24 jan, 13:52, "nowarforisrael.com"
<bbbbbdfgdfgdgd...@googlemail.com> wrote:
That old jewish intelligence myth busted:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IQ_and_the_Wealth_of_Nations
Sample rank, country, IQ average.
1 South Korea 109
3 Japan 105
7 Germany 102
15 United Kingdom 100
23 United States 98
33 Israel 94
It would explain why Hollywood movies are so dumb.
Remind me not to go to Equatorial Guinea. They have an average IQ of
59 - this is an average IQ 10 points below the definition of mentally
retarded! The land of retards?
.
|
|
|
|
| User: "z" |
|
| Title: Re: Israel's average IQ is 94, at the lower end of the European range |
24 Jan 2008 10:50:42 AM |
|
|
On Jan 24, 10:52=A0am, "nowarforisrael.com"
<bbbbbdfgdfgdgd...@googlemail.com> wrote:
That old jewish intelligence myth busted:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IQ_and_the_Wealth_of_Nations
Sample rank, country, IQ average.
1 =A0 =A0 =A0 South Korea =A0 =A0 109
3 =A0 =A0 =A0 Japan =A0 =A0 =A0 =A0 =A0 =A0 =A0105
7 =A0 =A0 =A0 Germany =A0 =A0 =A0 =A0 102
15 =A0 =A0 United Kingdom 100
23 =A0 =A0 United States =A0 =A098
33 =A0 =A0Israel =A0 =A0 =A0 =A0 =A0 =A0 =A0 =A094
It would explain why Hollywood movies are so dumb.
Hey Einstein; Hollywood is not in Israel.
Glad to clear that up for you.
.
|
|
|
| User: "" |
|
| Title: Re: Israel's average IQ is 94, at the lower end of the European range |
24 Jan 2008 12:19:02 PM |
|
|
On 24 Jan., 17:50, z <gzuck...@snail-mail.net> wrote:
On Jan 24, 10:52 am, "nowarforisrael.com"
<bbbbbdfgdfgdgd...@googlemail.com> wrote:
That old jewish intelligence myth busted:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IQ_and_the_Wealth_of_Nations
Sample rank, country, IQ average.
1 South Korea 109
3 Japan 105
7 Germany 102
15 United Kingdom 100
23 United States 98
33 Israel 94
It would explain why Hollywood movies are so dumb.
Hey Einstein; Hollywood is not in Israel.
Glad to clear that up for you.
Es kommt nicht darauf an wo Hollywood liegt, sondern darauf, f=FCr wen
der L=F6we br=FCllt.
.
|
|
|
|
| User: "nowarforisrael.com" |
|
| Title: Re: Israel's average IQ is 94, at the lower end of the European range |
24 Jan 2008 03:25:51 PM |
|
|
On Jan 24, 4:50 pm, z <gzuck...@snail-mail.net> wrote:
It would explain why Hollywood movies are so dumb.
Hey Einstein; Hollywood is not inIsrael.
Glad to clear that up for you.
"Hollywood is run by Jews; it is owned by Jews, and they should have a
greater sensitivity about the issue of - of people who are suffering.
Because they've exploited - we have seen the - we have seen the *****
and Greaseball, we've seen the Chink, we've seen the slit-eyed
dangerous Jap, we have seen the wily Filipino, we've seen everything
but we never saw the Kike. Because they knew perfectly well, that that
is where you draw the wagons around."
Who? Marlon Brando.
While he could have expressed himself better (and later had to
apologize), it is absolutely true that Hollywood has played a major
role in demonizing certain groups, most recently the Arabs, and that
this demonization has created an attitude in American culture which
has made possible a completely unprovoked attack such as we have
recently seen in Iraq, not to mention the extreme inhumanity that
Americans have shown themselves capable of in Abu Ghraib and
elsewhere.
http://xymphora.blogspot.com/2004/07/marlon-brando-progressive.html
.
|
|
|
| User: "" |
|
| Title: Re: Israel's average IQ is 94, at the lower end of the European range |
25 Jan 2008 03:16:59 PM |
|
|
On Jan 24, 4:25=A0pm, "nowarforisrael.com" <gfhdtr6yd...@googlemail.com>
wrote:
Hey Einstein; Hollywood is not inIsrael.
Glad to clear that up for you.
"Hollywood is run by Jews; it is owned by Jews, and they should have a
greater sensitivity about the issue of - of people who are suffering.
Because they've exploited - we have seen the - we have seen the *****
and Greaseball, we've seen the Chink, we've seen the slit-eyed
dangerous Jap, we have seen the wily Filipino, we've seen everything
but we never saw the Kike. Because they knew perfectly well, that that
is where you draw the wagons around."
Who? Marlon Brando.
where does he mention Israelis? I don't see it.
.
|
|
|
|
|
|
| User: "Midex" |
|
| Title: Re: Israel's average IQ is 94, at the lower end of the European range |
24 Jan 2008 10:15:47 PM |
|
|
On Jan 24, 1:52 pm, "nowarforisrael.com"
<bbbbbdfgdfgdgd...@googlemail.com> wrote:
That old jewish intelligence myth busted:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IQ_and_the_Wealth_of_Nations
Sample rank, country, IQ average.
1 South Korea 109
3 Japan 105
7 Germany 102
15 United Kingdom 100
23 United States 98
33 Israel 94
It would explain why Hollywood movies are so dumb.
Having argued with many jews every opportunity I got I am not
surprised in the least.
.
|
|
|
|
| User: "Calimero" |
|
| Title: Re: Israel's average IQ is 94, at the lower end of the European range |
24 Jan 2008 02:21:07 PM |
|
|
On Jan 24, 4:52=A0pm, "nowarforisrael.com"
<bbbbbdfgdfgdgd...@googlemail.com> wrote:
That old jewish intelligence myth busted:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IQ_and_the_Wealth_of_Nations
Sample rank, country, IQ average.
1 =A0 =A0 =A0 South Korea =A0 =A0 109
3 =A0 =A0 =A0 Japan =A0 =A0 =A0 =A0 =A0 =A0 =A0105
7 =A0 =A0 =A0 Germany =A0 =A0 =A0 =A0 102
15 =A0 =A0 United Kingdom 100
23 =A0 =A0 United States =A0 =A098
33 =A0 =A0Israel =A0 =A0 =A0 =A0 =A0 =A0 =A0 =A094
It would explain why Hollywood movies are so dumb.
Yeah, that's why the jews have had so few Nobel Prize winners.
Oh wait ....
"McCain" Calimero
.
|
|
|
| User: "nowarforisrael.com" |
|
| Title: Re: Israel's average IQ is 94, at the lower end of the European range |
24 Jan 2008 02:36:31 PM |
|
|
On Jan 24, 8:21 pm, Calimero <calimero...@gmx.de> wrote:
Yeah, that's why the jews have had so few Nobel Prize winners.
Oh wait ....
Good, you mentioned the nobel prize. The nobel prize is a prize
invented and judged by Jews and they give all the prizes to
themselves. It's laughable. They gave the man who invented dynamite
the nobel peace prize. Sharp-witted?
Compare how time they have given it to muslims compared to their own
tribe:
The Global Islamic population is approximately 1,200,000,000, or 20%
of the world population. They have received the following Nobel
Prizes:
Literature
1988 - Najib Mahfooz.
Peace:
1978 - Mohamed Anwar El-Sadat
1994 - Yasser Arafat
Physics:
1990 - Elias James Corey
1999 - Ahmed Zewail
Medicine:
1960 - Peter Brian Medawar
1998 - Ferid Mourad
The Global Jewish population is aproximately 14,000,000 or about 0.02%
of the world population. They received the following Nobel Prizes:
Literature:
1910 - Paul Heyse
1927 - Henri Bergson
1958 - Boris Pasternak
1966 - Shmuel Yosef Agnon
1966 - Nelly Sachs
1976 - Saul Bellow
1978 - Isaac Bashevis Singer
1981 - Elias Canetti
1987 - Joseph Brodsky 1991 - Nadine Gordimer World
Peace:
1911 - Alfred Fried
1911 - Tobias Michael Carel Asser
1968 - Rene Cassin
1973 - Henry Kissinger
1978 - Menachem Begin
1986 - Elie Wiesel
1994 - Shimon Peres
1994 - Yitzhak Rabin
Physics:
1905 - Adolph Von Baeyer
1906 - Henri Moissan
1910 - Otto Wallach
1915 - Richard Willstaetter
1918 - Fritz Haber
1943 - George Charles de Hevesy
1961 - Melvin Calvin
1962 - Max Ferdinand Perutz
1972 - William Howard Stein
1977 - Ilya Prigogine
1979 - Herbert Charle s Brown
1980 - Paul Berg
1980 - Walter Gilbert
1981 - Roald Hoffmann
1982 - Aaron Klug
1985 - Albert A. Hauptman
1985 - Jerome Karle
1986 - Dudley R. Herschbach
1988 - Robert Huber
1989 - Sidney Altman
1992 - Rudolph Marcus
2000 - Alan J. Heeger
Economics:
1970 - Paul Anthony Samuelson
1971 - Simon Kuznets
1972 - Kenneth Joseph Arrow
1975 - Leonid Kantorovich
1976 -! Milton Friedman
1978 - Herbert A. Simon
1980 - Lawrence Robert Klein
1985 - Franco Modigliani
1987 - Robert M. Solow
1990 - Harry Markowitz
1990 - Merton Miller
1992 - Gary Becker
1993 - Robert Fogel
Medicine:
1908 - Elie Metchnikoff
1908 - Paul Erlich
1914 - Robert Barany
1922 - Otto Meyerhof
1930 - Karl Landsteiner
1931 - Otto Warburg
1936 - Otto Loewi
1944 - Joseph Erlanger
1944 - Herbert Spencer Gasser
1945 - Ernst Boris Chain
1946 - Hermann Joseph Muller
1950 - Tadeus Reichstein
1952 - Selman Abraham Waksman
1953 - Hans Krebs
1953 - Fritz Albert Lipmann
1958 - Joshua Lederberg
1959 - Arthur Kornberg
1964 - Konrad Bloch
1965 - Francois Jacob
1965 - Andre Lwoff
1967 - George Wald
1968 - Marshall W. Nirenberg
1969 - Salvador Luria
1970 - Julius Axelrod
1970 - Sir Bernard Katz
1972 - Gerald Maurice Edelman
1975 - Howard Martin Temin
1976 - Baruch S. Blumberg
1977 - Roselyn Sussman Yalow
1978 - Daniel Nathans
1980 - Baruj Benacerraf
1984 - Cesar Milstein
1985 - Michael Stuart Brown
1985 - Joseph L. Goldstein 1986 - Stanley Cohen [& Rita Levi-
Montalcini]
1988 - Gertrude Elion
1989 - Harold Varmus
1991 - Erwin Neher
1991 - Bert Sakmann
1993 - Richard J. Roberts
1993 - Phillip Sharp
1994 - Alfred Gilman
1995 - Edward B. Lewis
Physics:
1907 - Albert Abraham Michelson
1908 - Gabriel Lippmann
1921 - Albert Einstein
1922 - Niels Bohr
1925 - James Franck
1925 - Gustav Hertz
1943 - Gustav Stern
1944 - Isidor Issac Rabi
1952 - Felix Bloch
1954 - Max Born
1958 - Igor Tamm
1959 - Emilio Segre
1960 - Donald A. Glaser
1961 - Robert Hofstadter
1962 - Lev Davidovich Landau
1965 - Richard Phillips Feynman
1965 - Julian Schwinger
1969 - Murray Gell-Mann
1971 - Dennis Gabor
1973 - Brian David Josephson
1975 - Benjamin Mottleson
1976 - Burton Richter
1978 - Arno Allan Penzias
1978 - Peter L Kapitza
1979 - Stephen Weinberg
1979 - Sheldon Glashow
1988 - Leon Lederman
1988 - Melvin Schwartz
1988 - Jack Steinberger
1990 - Jerome Friedman
1995 - Martin Perl
LOL!
.
|
|
|
| User: "nowarforisrael.com" |
|
| Title: Re: Israel's average IQ is 94, at the lower end of the European range |
24 Jan 2008 02:54:51 PM |
|
|
Nobel Prize controversies
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_controversies
* 1 The Prize
* 2 Controversial exclusions
o 2.1 Physics
o 2.2 Chemistry
o 2.3 Physiology or medicine
o 2.4 Peace
o 2.5 Modern alleged exclusions
* 3 Controversial recipients
o 3.1 Physics
o 3.2 Physiology or medicine
o 3.3 Peace
* 4 Laureates who declined the prize
o 4.1 Involuntary refusals
o 4.2 Voluntary refusals
* 5 Notes
* 6 Sources
* 7 External links
[edit] The Prize
The Nobel Prizes are a series of awards which were posthumously
instituted by bequest of Alfred Nobel (1895). They are currently
awarded to persons and organizations that have served humanity in the
fields of physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature, and
peace. Some important primary fields of human intellectual endeavor--
such as mathematics, philosophy, social studies and theology--have been
excluded from the Nobel Prizes. The Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic
Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel is related to the Nobel Prize. A
new Nobel-equivalent Award created especially for mathematics, the
Abel Prize, came into effect in 2003.
Since the first Nobel Prize was awarded in 1901, the proceedings,
nominations, awardees and exclusions have generated criticism and
engendered much controversy.[1]
The development of a Nobel-equivalent Prize for economics, the Nobel
Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, in 1969 has aroused more
arguments over the validity, effectiveness, and applicability of the
award than any other Nobel Prize category.[2][3][4] The Nobel Prize in
Literature is another Award that has also met[5] with its collections
of criticisms, controversies and delimiting issues [6][7] over the
years, as the original words of Nobel himself in relation to the Nobel
Prize Award in Literature have themselves undergone a purported series
of "revised interpretations".
[edit] Controversial exclusions
[edit] Physics
Tesla greatly influenced life in the 20th and 21st century.
Tesla greatly influenced life in the 20th and 21st century.
Edison applied "mass production" to the invention process.
Edison applied "mass production" to the invention process.
Thomas Edison and Nikola Tesla were mentioned as potential laureates
in 1915, but it is believed that due to their animosity toward each
other neither was ever given the award, despite their enormous
scientific contributions. There is some indication that each sought to
minimize the other's achievements and right to win the award; that
both refused to ever accept the award if the other received it first;
and that both rejected any possibility of sharing it--as was rumored in
the press at the time.[8][9][10][11] Tesla had a greater financial
need for the award than Edison: in 1916, he filed for bankruptcy.
Chung-Yao Chao, while a graduate student at Caltech in 1930, was the
first to capture positrons through electron-positron annihilation, but
did not realize what they were. Carl D. Anderson, who won the 1936
Nobel Physics Prize for his discovery of positron, used the same
radioactive source thorium carbide (ThC) as Chao. Late in his life,
Anderson admitted that Chao had in fact inspired his discovery: Chao's
research formed the foundational base from which much of Anderson's
own work developed. Chao died in 1998, without the honor of sharing a
Nobel Prize acknowledgment.[12]
Lise Meitner contributed directly to the discovery of nuclear fission
in 1939 but received no Nobel recognition [1]. In fact it was not Otto
Hahn but she who first figured out fission, after having analysed the
accumulated experimental data and successfully incorporating Bohr's
liquid drop model (suggested first by George Gamow)[13] at its
theoretical base, with Otto Robert Frisch's participation: Niels Bohr
did in fact nominate both for the Nobel Prize in Physics for this
work, besides his recommendation of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for
Hahn. The case served up as an interesting contrast (case) to that of
Louis, 7th duc de Broglie's Nobel deliberations, circa 1929 (Prince de
Broglie was regarded as something of a dilettante in physics then): in
particular, of the ways the Nobel Committee gave weight and judged
between male and female contributors and their work. Hahn and Meitner
had also independently discovered a new chemical element
(protactinium) in an earlier collaboration. There was a third known
junior contributor Fritz Strassmann who was not in the Prize.[14] In
his defense, Hahn was under strong pressure from the Nazis to minimize
Meitner's role since she was Jewish. But he maintained this position
even after the war.
Although the Brazilian physicist C=E9sar Lattes was the main researcher
and the first author of the historical Nature journal article
describing the subatomic particle meson pi (pion), his lab boss, Cecil
Powell, was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1950 for "his
development of the photographic method of studying nuclear processes
and his discoveries regarding mesons made with this method"; though it
was actually Lattes himself who was solely responsible for the
improvement on the nuclear emulsion used by Powell (by asking Kodak
Co. to add more boron to it--and in 1947, he made with them his great
experimental discovery). The reason for this apparent neglect is that
the Nobel Committee policy until 1960 was to award the Nobel Prize to
the research group head only. Lattes was also responsible for
calculating the pion's mass and, with USA physicist Eugene Gardner,
demonstrated the existence of this particle after atomic collisions in
a synchrotron. Again, Gardner was denied a Nobel because he died soon
thereafter, and posthumous nominations for the Nobel Prize are not
permitted.
The 1956 Prize was awarded to Bardeen, Shockley, and Brattain for the
discovery of the transistor, because the Nobel committee did not
recognize numerous preceding patent applications. As early as 1928,
Julius Edgar Lilienfeld patented several modern transistor types.[15]
In 1934, Oskar Heil patented the field-effect transistor. It is
unclear whether either had really built such devices, but they did
cause later workers significant patent problems. Further, Herbert F.
Matar=E9 and Heinrich Walker, at Westinghouse Paris, applied for a
patent in 1948 on an amplifier based on the minority carrier injection
process. Matar=E9 had first observed transconductance effects during the
manufacture of germanium duodiodes for German radar equipment during
World War 2.
In 1957, George Sudarshan and Robert Marshak first came up with the
successful V-A (vector minus axial vector or left-handed) theory for
weak interactions. Essentially, it is the same theory as that somewhat-
worked- upon later, formally drawn up physics paper on the structure
of the weak interaction by Richard Feynman and Murray Gell-Mann; both
briefed on the former group's results before via informal sharings
earlier on[16] amongst themselves, without giving the theory
originators any credits mention in their subsequent joint paper. Now
it is popularly known in the west as the Feynman-Gell-Mann theory
only. The V-A theory for weak interactions was in actuality a New Law
of Nature discovered, conceived in the face of strings of apparently
contradictory experimental results (including several of Chien-Shiung
Wu's, who herself had a reputation as a fastidious experimenter)--
though helped along by a sprinkling of other evidences too, e.g. the
muon (discovered in 1936, which itself had a colorful history[17][18]--
and would lead on again to a new revolution[19] in the 21st Century).
[20] It was all the more surprising, therefore, that no Nobel Prize
had been given out for this breakthrough-accomplishment. George
Sudarshan himself regarded the V-A theory as his finest work to date.
It was later subsumed under the electroweak interaction unification
theory of Sheldon Glashow, Abdus Salam, and Steven Weinberg, which
would go on to win, for the trio, the 1979 Nobel Prize in Physics. The
V-A or Sudarshan-Marshak theory was to meet with another coda of
'fate' and dubious 'honour' later on again of being assessed,
preferably and favourably, after the strangely tortuous, and, at
times, 'funny' pedantic imbroglios, and it goes on and on--as
"beautiful" by J. Robert Oppenheimer;[16] and, suffering a complete
reversal, like a last apparent 'twist', again, as it were, was given
an exactly opposite assessment as "less complete", "inelegant" by John
Gribbin.[21] George Sudarshan currently holds the record of the most
nominated Nobel Prize candidate alive who has yet to receive any Nobel
Prize[citation needed].
Chien-Shiung Wu (nicknamed the "First Lady of Physics") disproved the
law of the conservation of parity (1956) and was the first Wolf Prize
winner in physics. She died in 1997 without receiving the Nobel [2].
Wu assisted Tsung-Dao Lee personally in his parity laws development--
with Chen Ning Yang--by providing him with a possible test method for
beta decay in 1956 that worked successfully. She did not share their
Nobel Prize--a fact widely blamed on sexism on the part of the
selection committee. Her book Beta Decay (1965) is still a sine qua
non reference for nuclear physicists.
In 1964, George Zweig, then a PhD student at Caltech, espoused the
physical existence of aces possessing several unorthodox attributes
(essentially Gell-Mann's quarks, though regarded expressly by the
latter as only mere theoretical shorthand construct) at a time which
was very 'anti-quark'. Zweig consequently suffered academic ostracism
and career path blocks from the scientific community of 'mainstream
orthodoxy'.[22] Despite the 1969 Nobel Prize awarded for contributions
in the classification of elementary particles and the 1990 Nobel Prize
for the development and proof of the quark model, Zweig's true
dimension and side of his original contributions to the quark model
story have largely gone unrecognized.[23]
The 1974 prize was awarded to Martin Ryle and Antony Hewish's
pioneering research in radio astrophysics; Hewish was recognized for
his decisive role in the discovery of pulsars though he did not come
up first with the correct explanation of pulsars: having described
them as communications from "Little Green Men" (LGM-1) in outer space.
An answer was given by David Staelin and Edward Reifenstein, of the
National RadioAstronomy Observatory in Green Bank, West Virginia, who
found a pulsar at the center of the Crab Nebula: that pulsars are
neutron stars, leftovers from a supernova explosion had been proposed
in 1933. Soon after the discovery of pulsars in 1968, Fred Hoyle and
astronomer Thomas Gold came up with the correct explanation of a
pulsar as a rapidly spinning a neutron star with a strong magnetic
field, emitting radio waves much as a lighthouse did with its lamp.
Jocelyn Bell Burnell, Hewish's graduate student, was not recognized,
although she was the first to notice the stellar radio source that was
later recognised as a pulsar.[24] Pulsars are a group of astronomical
objects that provide scientists with the first signs of the possible
existence of gravity waves.[25] In addition, rotating binary pulsars
are also found to be reliable sources for putting Einstein's
relativity theories to the most stringent of tests.[26] While the
astronomer Fred Hoyle argued that Bell should have been included in
the Prize, Bell herself countered, perhaps in wry typical British
humour, that "(graduate) students don't win Nobel prizes": Louis-
Victor de Broglie, Rudolf M=F6ssbauer, Douglas Osheroff, Gerard 't
Hooft, John Forbes Nash, Jr. and H. David Politzer are all exceptions
to this seeming albeit 'males-only!' maxim though. Another interesting
case, acting like a perfect foil, transpired in 1978. In that year,
the Nobel Physics Prize winners Arno Allan Penzias and Robert Woodrow
Wilson of 1978--awarded for the chanced "detection of Cosmic microwave
background radiation"--themselves initially did not comprehend the
"implications and the working out of the meanings behind" their
findings, and, similarly, had to have their discovery fully elucidated
to them. Many scientists felt that another scientist, Ralph Alpher,
who predicted the cosmic microwave background radiation and had worked
out in 1948 the underpinnings of the Big Bang theory, should have
shared in the prize, or independently received one. There are many
theories, none proven, as to why his work was initially ignored, and a
Nobel withheld. In 2005, he was awarded the National Medal of Science
for his pioneering contributions to our understanding of
nucleosynthesis, the prediction of the relic radiation from the Big
Bang, as well as for a model for the Big Bang theory.
Fred Hoyle did not receive a share of the Nobel Prize In Physics in
1983, although the winner William Alfred Fowler acknowledged Hoyle as
the pioneer of the concept of stellar nucleosynthesis (1946). Hoyle's
obituary in Physics Today [3] notes that " Many of us felt that Hoyle
should have shared Fowler's 1983 Nobel Prize in Physics, but the Royal
Swedish Academy of Sciences later made partial amends by awarding
Hoyle, with Edwin Salpeter, its 1997 Crafoord Prize ".
Other arguably controversial exclusions include Kan-Chang Wang[27][28]
(of anti-sigma minus hyperon (1959) [29] and the first Paper for the
Detection-of-Neutrino Experiment fame),[12], Arnold Sommerfeld,
Satyendra Nath Bose (Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) fame), George
Gamow, Ralph Alpher and Robert Herman (seminal (CBR) Cosmic microwave
background radiation theorists) and Igor Dmitriyevich Novikov, with A.
G. Doroshkevich (author of the first Paper for the Possible Detection
of CBR), Bruno Pontecorvo[28] (neutrino oscillations hypothesis fame,
among others)[30] and Robert Oppenheimer (first antimatter (the
positron) existence prediction (1930),[31] neutron stars, black hole
breakthrough seminal studies, first precursor Paper on the 'quantum
tunnelling' phenomenon (1927-28), mentor and "father of the atomic
bomb", etc. )[32].
[edit] Chemistry
Dmitri Mendeleyev, who originated the periodic table of the elements,
never received a prize. His first periodic table was completed in
1869. Actually, a year earlier, another chemist, Julius Lothar Meyer,
had also come up with a somewhat similar table. Another scientist,
John Alexander Reina Newlands, had also presented a paper in 1866 that
essentially credited him as the first to propose a periodic Law: in
fact, none of the tables were correct--all the 19th century tables
arranged the elements in order of increasing atomic weight (or atomic
mass). It was left to Henry Moseley to correct the periodic table,
basing it on the atomic number (the number of protons). Mendeleev died
in 1907, six years after the first Nobel Prizes were awarded. He came
within one vote of winning the prize in 1906, but died the next year.
[4]
[edit] Physiology or medicine
In 1923 Frederick Banting and John Macleod received the Nobel Prize in
Medicine. At the time this was considered surprising, since Macleod
had only been Banting's supervisor, while Banting and Charles Best had
done all the work. Later, it became known that Nicolae Paulescu, a
Romanian professor, had been working on diabetes since 1916, and may
have isolated insulin (which he called pancreatine) about a year
before the Canadians.
Oswald Theodore Avery, best known for his 1944 discovery that DNA is
the material of which genes and chromosomes are composed, never
received a Nobel Prize, although two Nobel Laureates Joshua Lederberg
and Arne Tiselius praised him and his work as a veritable pioneering
platform for further genetic research and advance.
The 1952 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine awarded solely to
Selman Waksman for his discovery of streptomycin had omitted
recognition[33] due his co-discoverer Albert Schatz.[34] There was a
litigation brought by Schatz against Waksman over the details and
credit of streptomycin discovery. The litigation result was such that
Schatz was awarded a substantial settlement, and, together with
Waksman, Schatz would be officially recognized as a co-discoverer of
streptomycin.
Heinrich J. Matthaei broke the genetic code in 1961 with Marshall
Warren Nirenberg in their poly-U experiment at NIH in Bethesda,
Maryland, paving the way for modern genetics; but though Nirenberg
became a much lauded Nobel Laureate in 1968: Matthaei, who was
responsible for experimentally obtaining the first codon (genetic
code) extract, and whose initial accurate results were tampered with
by Nirenberg himself (due to the latter's belief in 'less precise',
'more believable' data presentation),[35] did not get to win any
Prize.
The 1962 Prize awarded to James D. Watson, Francis Crick and Maurice
Wilkins--for their work on DNA structure and properties--did not
recognize somewhat coordinate contributions from others, such as: Alec
Stokes, Herbert Wilson, and Erwin Chargaff. In addition, Erwin
Chargaff, Oswald Avery and Rosalind Franklin (whose key DNA x-ray
crystallography work was the most detailed yet least acknowledged
among the three) contributed directly to the ability of Watson and
Crick to solve the structure of the DNA molecule--but Avery died in
1955, and Franklin in 1958 and posthumous nominations for the Nobel
Prize are not permitted.
The first successful synthesis of bovine insulin.[36], a Nobel-like
level breakthrough which won world-wide recognition[citation needed],
was carried out between 1958 and 1965 by two scientists at Beijing
University, Niu Jingyi[37] and Wang Yinglai[38]. Insulin is now
manufactured using protein-production biotechnology. Though there were
repeated nominations and support from eminent scientists, as it turned
out, due to a series of discouraging political and other
circumstances, both were not to receive any Nobel in the end.
The 1975 Prize was awarded to David Baltimore, Renato Dulbecco and
Howard Martin Temin "for describing how tumor viruses act on the
genetic material of the cell". It has been argued that Dulbecco was
distantly, if at all, involved in this groundbreaking work of
discovery.[35] The award failed to recognize the contributions of
Satoshi Mizutani, Temin's Japanese postdoctoral fellow.[39] Mizutani
and Temin jointly discovered that the Rous sarcoma virus particle
contained the enzyme reverse transcriptase. However, Mizutani was
solely responsible for the original conception and design of the
experiment confirming Temin's provirus hypothesis.[35]
The discovery of HIV as the cause of AIDS is arguably a significant
discovery worthy of a Nobel Prize. However, the notorious professional
rivalry between Robert Gallo and Luc Montagnier--which resulted in
litigation--apparently dissuaded the Nobel Committee from awarding a
prize to either or both of them. (The rivalry between Edison and Tesla
is instructive: neither received a Nobel.)
[edit] Peace
Mahatma Gandhi never received the Nobel Peace Prize, though he was
nominated for it five times[40] between 1937 and 1948. Decades later,
though, the Nobel Committee publicly declared its regret for the
omission. The Nobel Committee may have tacitly acknowledged its error,
however, when in 1948 (the year of Gandhi's death), it made no award,
stating "there was no suitable living candidate" though they awarded
it posthoumously to fellow Scandinavian Dag Hammarskjold in 1961.
Similarly, when the Dalai Lama was awarded the Peace Prize in 1989,
the chairman of the committee said that this was "in part a tribute to
the memory of Mahatma Gandhi". The official Nobel e-museum has an
article discussing the issue.
[edit] Modern alleged exclusions
The 1993 Nobel Prize In Physiology or Medicine for the discovery of
introns in eukaryotic DNA and the mechanism of gene splicing - Philip
Allen Sharp and Richard J. Roberts were the only two winners. Several
other scientists, such as Norman Davidson and James D. Watson, argued
that Louise T. Chow, a China-born Taiwanese researcher and
accomplished female scientist,[41] who collaborated with Roberts,
should also have had part of the prize.[42] In 1976, as Staff
Investigator, she carried out the studies of the genomic origins and
structures of adenovirus transcripts leading directly to the EM
discovery of RNA splicing and alternative RNA processing at Cold
Spring Harbor Laboratory on Long Island in 1977, the year the
discovery was made. Norman Davidson, the Norman Chandler Professor of
Chemical Biology, Emeritus, at Caltech (a well-known expert in
electron microscopy, under whom Chow apprenticed as a graduate
student), affirmed that Chow operated the electron microscope through
which the splicing process was observed, and was the crucial
experiment's sole designer, using techniques she herself developed in
the previous two years at the lab.[43]
The 1993 Nobel Prize in Chemistry credited winner Kary Mullis with the
development of polymerase chain reaction (PCR), a central technique in
molecular biology which allows the amplification of specified DNA
sequences. However, others disputed that he 'invented' the technique:
[citation needed] claiming that Norwegian scientist Kjell Kleppe,
together with 1968 Nobel Prize laureate H. Gobind Khorana, had an
earlier and better claim to it in 1969. His co-workers at that time
also refuted the suggestion that Mullis was solely responsible for the
idea of using Taq polymerase in the PCR process.[citation needed] In
addition, a book on the history of the PCR method which Paul Rabinow
(an anthropologist) wrote in 1996 raised the issue of whether or not
Mullis "invented" PCR or "merely" came up with the concept of it.
However, other scientists have said that "the full potential [of PCR]
was not realized" until Mullis' work in 1983,[44] and at least one
book has reported that Mullis' colleagues failed to see the potential
of the technique when he presented it to them.[45]
The 1997 Nobel Prize In Physics stirred up controversy soon as it was
announced as Russian scientists disputed[46] the awardees' priority in
the acquired approach and techniques to cool and trap atoms with laser
light, whose work the Russians had reputedly carried out more than a
decade before.[47]
The 1997 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, awarded singly to Dr.
Stanley B. Prusiner for his discovery of prions, had caused a
ceaseless stream of academic polemics ever since: as regard the actual
validity extent of his work--which had also been criticized by other
researchers as not yet proven.[48]
The 2000 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine awarded to three
pioneering neuroscientists, Arvid Carlsson, Paul Greengard, and Eric
R. Kandel, "for their discoveries concerning signal transduction in
the nervous system" had caused many neuroscientists to protest that
Oleh Hornykiewicz, who helped pioneer the dopamine replacement
treatment for Parkinson's disease, was left out of the prize, and
claimed that Hornykiewicz's research provided a foundation for some of
the scientific progress credited to the three scientists.
The 2000 Nobel Prize In Chemistry-"For the Discovery and Development
of Conductive polymers" [5] recognized passive high-conductivity in
oxidized iodine-doped polyacetylene black and related materials
(reported in 1977), as well as determining conduction mechanisms and
developing devices, especially batteries. The citation alleges this
work led to present-day "active" devices, where a voltage or current
controls electron flow.
Subsequently, a letter to New Scientist[49] pointed out that such an
organic polymer electronic device was reported in a major journal
(Science) [6] three years before the Nobel prize winner's discovery.
Further, the "ON" state of this device showed almost metallic
conductivity. Moreover, 14 years before the Noble-prize-winning
discovery, Weiss and coworkers in Australia had reported [7]
equivalent high electrical conductivity in an almost identical compound
--oxidized, iodine-doped polypyrrole black. Eventually, the Australian
group achieved resistances as low as .03 ohm/cm [8][9]. This is
roughly equivalent to present-day efforts. Likewise, this award
ignored the even earlier (1955) discovery of highly-conductive organic
Charge transfer complexes. Some of these are even superconductive.
The 2003 Nobel Prize In Medicine and Physiology was awarded to Paul
Lauterbur and Sir Peter Mansfield for developing magnetic resonance
imaging. Two independent controversial exclusions have been alleged:
Raymond Damadian first reported that NMR could distinguish in
vitro between cancerous and non-cancerous tissues on the basis of
different proton relaxation times. He later translated this into the
first human MRI scan, but used a dead-end methodology. Meanwhile,
Damadian's original report prompted Lauterbur to develop NMR into the
presently-used method of generating MRI images. Damadian took out
large advertisements in a number of international newspapers
protesting his exclusion from the award. Many researchers felt that
Damadian's work deserved at least equal credit.[citation needed]
Herman Y. Carr both pioneered the present NMR gradient technique
and demonstrated rudimentary MRI imaging in the 1950s, based on it.
The Nobel prize winners had almost certainly seen Carr's work, but did
not cite it. Consequently, the prize committee very likely did not
become cognizant of Carr's discoveries,[citation needed] a situation
likely abetted further by the high-profile distractions due to the
unprecedented, drawn-out, persistent remonstrances[50] of Damadian in
defense of his work regarding MRI.[51][52]
Sidney R. Coleman, an eminent theoretical physicist, was not awarded
the 2004 Nobel Prize In Physics Award. Instead, H. David Politzer
alone, a graduate student of Sidney R. Coleman, was crowned one of the
winners. Many felt the miss to be a shame.[citation needed] Politzer
was recognized for his work in quantum chromodynamics, a field in
which Coleman was deeply involved and long acknowledged by all.
The 2005 Nobel Prize In Physics controversy involved George
Sudarshan's relevant work in quantum optics (1960), which was
considered by many to have been given the slight in this award.
[citation needed] Roy J. Glauber--who initially derided the former
theory representations and later produced the same P-representation
under a different name, viz., Sudarshan-Glauber representation or
Sudarshan diagonal representation--was the winner instead.[53]
According to still others, there were two other seminal contributors,
Leonard Mandel and Daniel Frank Walls, who were passed over for the
Prize because there was no posthumous Nobel Prize to be awarded.
The 2006 Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine was awarded to Andrew
Fire and Craig C. Mello for their discovery of RNA interference. Many
of the discoveries credited by the Nobel committee to Fire and Mello,
who studied RNA interference in C. elegans, had been previously
studied by plant biologists, and it has been suggested that at least
one plant biologist who was a pioneer in this field, such as David
Baulcombe, should have also been awarded a share of the prize.[54]
The 2006 Nobel Prize in Physics was won by John C. Mather and George
F. Smoot (leaders of the COsmic Background Explorer (COBE) satellite
experiment) "for their discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy
of the cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR).". The Prize was
thought by some to have precluded proper recognition due an earlier
original discoverer of anistropy of the CMBR. In July 1983 an
experiment Relikt,[55] launched aboard the Prognoz-9[56] satellite,
studied cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR) via one frequency
alone. In January of 1992, Andrei A. Brukhanov was known to have
presented a seminar at Sternberg Astronomical Institute in Moscow,
where he first reported on the discovery of anistropy of CMBR.
However, the Relikt team claimed only an upper limit, not a detection,
in their 1987 results paper.[57]
[edit] Controversial recipients
[edit] Physics
Henri Becquerel was awarded the 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics, with
Pierre and Marie Curie, "in recognition of the extraordinary services
he has rendered by his discovery of spontaneous radioactivity".
However, there existed a credible controversy at the time since some
scientists claimed [58] that Becquerel had merely rediscovered a
phenomenon first noticed and scientifically investigated by the
forgotten French scientist Abel Niepce de Saint-Victor decades
earlier.
Physicist Philipp Lenard would later become an adviser to Hitler.
Physicist Philipp Lenard would later become an adviser to Hitler.
Philipp Lenard was awarded the Nobel Prize In Physics in 1905 for his
research on cathode rays and the discovery of many of their
properties. An advisor to Adolf Hitler, Lenard became "Chief of Aryan
Physics" under the Nazis. He propounded the idea that there is a race
element in science (i.e.,'English Science', 'German Science', 'Jewish
Science'), and referred to Albert Einstein's theory of relativity as a
"Jewish fraud". Johannes Stark, who won the Physics Nobel in 1919,
also participated in the racially-motivated rejection of the "Jewish
ideas" of Einstein and the non-Jewish Werner Heisenberg.
Albert Einstein, though awarded a 1921 Prize, may have deserved a
total of 4 Nobels.
Albert Einstein, though awarded a 1921 Prize, may have deserved a
total of 4 Nobels.
Albert Einstein's 1921 Nobel Prize award mainly recognized him for his
explanation of the photoelectric effect in 1905 and "for his services
to Theoretical Physics" -- due to the often counter-intuitive concepts
and advanced constructs of his relativity theory, some of which were
far in advance of possible experimental verifications until only
recently, e.g., bending of light, gravitational waves, gravitational
lensing, black holes). It would be 1993 before the first evidence for
the existence of gravitational radiation came via the Nobel Prize-
winning measurements of the Hulse-Taylor binary system.[59] His other
significant contributions in the Annus Mirabilis Papers, on Brownian
motion and special relativity, were not explicitly recognized by the
Nobel Prize Committee, even though Einstein was nominated several
times, beginning in 1910, for special relativity. Often these
nominations for special relativity recommended awarding the prize
jointly to Lorentz and Einstein. Henri Poincar=E9 was also nominated at
least once for his services to theoretical physics, including his work
on Lorentz's relativity theory. However, Kaufmann's experimental
results cast doubt on the correctness of special relativity, doubts
which were not resolved until 1915, by which time Einstein had
progressed to the general theory, including his theory of gravitation.
Again the empirical support (in this case the predicted spectral shift
of sunlight) was in question for many years, so the only original
evidence was the consistency with the known perihelion precession of
the planet Mercury. Some additional support was gained at the end of
1919 when the predicted deflection of starlight near the sun was
apparently confirmed by Arthur Stanley Eddington's Solar Eclipse
Expedition, although the actual results were somewhat ambiguous.
Conclusive proof of the gravitational light deflection prediction was
not achieved until the 1970s.
Robert Millikan is widely believed to have been denied the 1920 prize
for physics owing to Felix Ehrenhaft's claims to have measured charges
smaller than Millikan's elementary charge. Ehrenhaft's claims were
ultimately dismissed and Millikan was awarded the prize in 1923.
However, some controversy still seem to linger over Millikan's oil-
drop procedure and experimental interpretation -- regarding the
validity and ethics of his false claim and data manipulation and
selectivity, biased in his favour, in the 1913 scientific paper
measuring the electron charge: in particular, that he had reported all
his observations when in fact he had omitted a total of 82 drops of
experimental data from his final report.
William Bradford Shockley was one of the winners of the 1956 Nobel
Prize in Physics award for the transistor. There was a well-documented
controversy hanging over his win -- backed up by corroborating accounts
from his colleagues (the other two Nobelists in the Prize), and
historical facts as well -- which critics characterized as due mainly
to Shockley's then-directorship position and self-promotion efforts
(Shockley's original, self-designed 'transistor' did not work at all).
A notable change was seen to have come over Shockley's character soon
after the Nobel award.[60] Later, he strongly and seriously espoused
eugenics,[61] regarding his published works on this topic as the most
important work of his career. His ideas are largely based on the
research of Cyril Burt, whose research itself was later generally
accepted to be fraudulent. He is the only Nobel Laureate who publicly
admitted to donating sperm to the Repository for Germinal Choice, a
sperm bank founded (1980) by eugenicist Robert Klark Graham in the
hopes of passing down humanity's best genes. The Repository was shut
down in 1999.
[edit] Physiology or medicine
Alexander Fleming, though he accidentally stumbled upon the then-
unidentified fungi mold that was to bring penicillin to the attention
of the world as medicine, was often credited as the discoverer of
penicillin and shared the 1945 Nobel Prize in Medicine with Ernst
Boris Chain and Howard Florey. However, some critics pointed out that
Fleming did not 'discover' penicillin, that in fact it was technically
a 'rediscovery', and that decades before Fleming, there had been
significant others (notably Sir John Scott Burdon-Sanderson, William
Roberts (physician), John Tyndall and Ernest Duchesne) who had already
done studies[16] and research[62] on its useful properties and
medicinal characteristics.[63] Moreover, according to Fleming himself,
the first known reference to penicillin he could recall to mind was
from Psalm 51: "Purge me with hyssop and I shall be clean": he had
learnt meanwhile from the famous American mycologist Charles Thom's
book (the same who helped Fleming establish the identity of the
mysterious fungi mold)[64] that penicillium notatum was first
recognised by Westling, a Swedish chemist, from a specimen of decayed
hyssop. It was pointed out too, that, in this award, several deserving
contemporaneous coordinate research contributors had been left out of
the Prize altogether(see also discovery of penicillin).
Egas Moniz received the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1949 for his
development of prefrontal leucotomy. In the United States, a modified
version of this procedure, often referred to as the "ice pick
lobotomy", was instituted in a highly unethical manner, and was
performed somewhat indiscriminately. The procedure has fallen into
disrepute and was later prohibited in many countries. It is rarely
performed now.
Karl von Frisch shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in
1973 involving the explanation of the "dance language" of bees.
However, much controversy was engendered over the years due to the
lack of direct scientific proofs of the waggle dance of the bees as
exactly worded, postulated by Karl von Frisch. Though the controversy
was finally put to rest by a team of researchers from Rothamsted
Research in 2005--who tracked the bees by radar as they flew to a food
source--the experimental results turn out not to exactly support Karl
von Frisch's original formulation,[65] but, in fact, support part of
his opponent Adrian Wenner's theory[66] that states that bees are
basically guided to the food source by odor; after the general
direction and distance (specific and relative to the transmitting
bees) had been communicated (a still unknown mysterious mechanism) via
the waggle dance--as originally postulated by the 1973 Nobelist.
David Baltimore, who shared the 1975 Nobel Prize in Physiology or
Medicine, was implicated in "The Baltimore affair" or "Imanishi-Kari
affair", a landmark science-fraud scandal case[67] (with Howard Temin
and James Dewey Watson pinning the error and fault on him): involving
a scandal over fabricated data in a 1986 scientific paper on
immunology with Thereza Imanishi-Kari and others[68] that is still
debated today:[69][70] it brought about too--for the first time--a sense
of disquiet among the many eminent and knowing scientists; as to how
scientific adjudication, at a high level, by an admixture of self-
interests delimited university officials and several disparate
contentious prosecuting groups from the government to match[35]
(lacking experience[71], the most suitable scientific credentials
proper, and clear purpose, in the assessment of many reputable
scientists[72]), somehow allowed into a position of such overriding
institutional power and influence, has devolved and acquiesced into a
seemingly endless labyrinth of roundabout contretemps, etiolated
muddles and a high toll of runaway civic costs: from what it clearly
and simply is.[73].
Another earlier, equally famous (or infamous, and comparable) dispute,
handled by the same NIH appeals panel as handled the Baltimore Affair,
is the Robert Gallo[74] vs Luc Montagnier:[75] HTLV-III/LAV Priority
Controversy Case.[35][69][76] The name HIV was a compromise by US and
French negotiators to allow a co-discovery of the AIDS virus to be
claimed. Incidentally, the claim that Francoise Barr=E9-Sinoussi was
generally credited as the discoverer of HIV while working in
Montagnier's lab has also been disputed--in an article that disputes
the generally-accepted conclusion that HIV causes AIDS.[77]
[edit] Peace
This article needs additional citations for verification.
Please help improve this article by adding reliable references.
Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2007)
The quality of this article or section may be compromised by weasel
words.
You can help Wikipedia by removing weasel words.
President Theodore Roosevelt--the 26th President of the United States--
received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1905 for helping negotiate an end to
the Russo-Japanese War. However, he played a role in the suppression
of a revolt in the Philippines.
Cordell Hull was awarded the Nobel Prize in Peace in 1945 in
recognition of his efforts for peace and understanding in the Western
Hemisphere, his trade agreements, and his work to establish the United
Nations. Hull was Franklin Delano Roosevelt's Secretary of State
during the SS St. Louis Crisis. The St. Louis sailed out of Hamburg
into the Atlantic Ocean in the summer of 1939 carrying over 950 Jewish
refugees, mostly wealthy, seeking asylum from Nazi persecution just
before World War II. The ship's voyage caused great controversy in the
United States: Initially President of the United States Franklin
Delano Roosevelt showed modest willingness to take in some of those on
board, but vehement opposition by Hull and from Southern Democrats--
some of whom went so far as to threaten to withhold their support of
Roosevelt in the 1940 Presidential election if this occurred. On 4
June 1939 Roosevelt issued an order to deny entry to the ship, which
was waiting in the Caribbean Sea between Florida and Cuba. The
passengers began negotiations with the Cuban government, but those
broke down at the last minute. Forced to return to Europe, many of its
passengers died in Nazi concentration camps.[citation needed]
The United States Secretary of State Henry A. Kissinger received the
Nobel Peace Prize in 1973 for his work on the Vietnam Peace Accords,
despite having instituted the secret 1969-1975 campaign of bombing
against infiltraiting NVA in Cambodia, the alleged U.S. involvement in
Operation Condor--a mid-1970s campaign of kidnapping and murder
coordinated among the intelligence and security services of Argentina,
Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay, and Uruguay--as well as the death of
French nationals under the Chilean junta. He also supported the
invasion of Cyprus resulting in approximately 1/3 of the island being
occupied by foreign troops for 33 years.
Both Anwar Sadat, president of Egypt during a war against Israel in
1973, the Yom Kippur War, and, Menachem Begin--who was later to reclaim
a nationalist agenda which escalated into a full-fledged war with
southern Lebanon in 1982--were awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1978
for their contributions to the successful closure to the Camp David
Accords in the same year. Begin had also previously been a member of
militant Zionist group Irgun, which is often regarded as a terrorist
organisation and had been responsible for the King David Hotel bombing
in 1946. [78]
Rigoberta Mench=FA won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1992, in part for her
autobiography I, Rigoberta Menchu. In 1999 she was accused by David
Stoll of having fabricated events in her family history in the book to
further the guerilla cause. See Rigoberta Mench=FA for details.
Yasser Arafat, Shimon Peres, and Yitzhak Rabin were winners of the
1994 Nobel Peace Prize. K=E5re Kristiansen, a Norwegian member of the
Nobel Committee, resigned in 1994 in protest at the awarding of a
Nobel Peace Prize to Yasser Arafat, whom he labeled a "terrorist".
Rabin, while in the Israeli military, had ordered the expulsion of
Arabs from areas captured by Israel during the 1948 War[citation
needed].
Jimmy Carter was awarded the 2002 Nobel Peace Prize, for the "decades
of untiring effort to find peaceful solutions to international
conflicts, to advance democracy and human rights, and to promote
economic and social development." The announcement of the award came
shortly after the U.S. House and Senate gave President George W. Bush
authorization to use military force against Iraq in order to enforce
U.N. Security Council resolutions requiring that Baghdad give up
weapons of mass destruction. Asked if the selection of the former
president was a criticism of Bush, Gunnar Berge, head of the Nobel
committee, said: "With the position Carter has taken on this, it can
and must also be seen as criticism of the line the current U.S.
administration has taken on Iraq." Carter declined to comment on the
remark in interviews, saying that he preferred to focus on the work of
the Carter Center. [79]
Wangari Maathai, 2004 winner of the Nobel Peace Prize, appeared to
lend credibility to the theory that HIV was invented by white
scientists to destroy black people but later apologized for giving the
illusion of being a conspiracy theorist.[citation needed]
[edit] Laureates who declined the prize
[edit] Involuntary refusals
In 1936, Adolf Hitler was offended with the Nobel Foundation when the
1935 Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to Carl von Ossietzky, a German
writer who publicly opposed Hitler and Nazism.[80] (At that time, the
prize was awarded the following year.) Hitler reacted by issuing a
decree on 31 January 1937 that forbade German nationals from accepting
any Nobel Prize in the future. Awarding the peace prize to Ossietzky
was itself considered controversial. While fascism had few supporters
outside of Italy and Germany, those who did not necessarily sympathize
with fascism felt that it was wrong to offend Germany by awarding the
prize to someone opposed to the current German regime.
Hitler's decree made it forbidden for three subsequent German
nationals to accept the Nobel Prize: Gerhard Domagk (1939 Nobel Prize
in Physiology or Medicine), Richard Kuhn (1938 Nobel Prize in
Chemistry), and Adolf Butenandt (1939 Nobel Prize in Chemistry). The
three later received their diplomas and medals, but not the prize
money.[81]
On 19 October 1939, about a month and a half after World War II had
started, the Nobel Committee of the Karolinska Institute met to
discuss who would be the 1939 Nobel Laureate in physiology and
medicine.[82] The majority of the professors at the Institute were in
favor of giving the prize to Domagk and someone leaked the news, which
was then passed on to Berlin. The Kulturministerium in Berlin replied
with a telegram stating that a Nobel Prize to a German was "completely
unwanted" (durchaus unerw=FCnscht).[83] Despite the telegram, a large
majority of the Institute voted to give the prize to Domagk on 26
October 1939. Domagk received the news later that day by phone and
telegram.[84] Being aware of Hitler's decree but unsure if it only
applied to the peace prize or all of the Nobel Prizes, Domagk sent a
request to the Ministry of Education in Berlin asking if it would be
possible to accept the prize.[85] Since he didn't receive a reply
after more than a week had passed, he felt it would be impolite to
wait any longer with responding, and on 3 November 1939 he wrote a
letter to the Institute thanking them for the distinction, but added
that he had to wait for the government's approval before he could
accept the prize.[86] He was subsequently ordered to send a copy of
his letter to the Ministry for Foreign Affairs in Berlin, and on 17
November 1939, was arrested and taken by the Gestapo to police
headquarters.[87][88] He was released after one week only to be
arrested again. On 28 November 1939, he was forced by the
Kulturministerium to sign a prepared letter, addressed to the
Institute, declining the prize.[86][89] Since the Institute had
already prepared his medal and diploma before the second letter
arrived, they were able to award them to him later, during the 1947
Nobel festival.
Domagk's forced refusal of the prize was the first time the prize was
declined. Due to his refusal, the statutes for the Nobel Prizes were
changed so that if a laureate declined the prize or failed to collect
the prize award before October 1 of the following year, the money
would be allocated back to the funds.[90]
On 9 November 1939, the Royal Academy of Sciences awarded the 1938
Prize for Chemistry to Kuhn and half of the 1939 prize to Butenandt.
[84][91] When notified of the decision, the German scientists were
forced to refuse the prizes by threats of violence from the German
government.[92][91] Their refusal letters arrived in Stockholm after
Domagk's refusal letter, helping to confirm suspicions that the German
government had forced them to refuse the prize.[87][92][91] After
World War II in 1948, they wrote a letter to the Academy expressing
their gratitude for the prizes and their regret for being forced to
refuse them in 1939. They were awarded their medals and diplomas at a
ceremony in July 1949.
Otto Heinrich Warburg, a German national that won the 1931 Nobel Prize
in Physiology and Medicine, is rumored to have been selected for a
second Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine in 1944, but was
forbidden to accept it due to Hitler's decree. According to the Nobel
Foundation, this story is not true.[93] (See Otto Heinrich Warburg for
details.)
Boris Pasternak at first accepted the 1958 Nobel Prize in Literature,
but was forced by the authorities in the USSR to decline it because
the prize was considered a "reward for the dissident political
innuendo in his novel, Doctor Zhivago." [81][94] Pasternak died
without ever receiving the prize. He was eventually honored by the
Nobel Foundation at a banquet in Stockholm on 9 December 1989, when
they presented his medal to his son. Mstislav Rostropovitch, a
renowned Russian cellist and close friend of Boris Pasternak, played a
Bach suite in his memory at the banquet.
[edit] Voluntary refusals
* Jean-Paul Sartre declined the 1964 Prize in Literature, because
he always refused official honors.[81]
* Le Duc Tho declined the 1973 Peace Prize--jointly awarded to him
and Henry Kissinger--because Vietnam was not yet at peace.[81]
[edit] Notes
1. ^ "A Nobel calling: 100 years of controversy", The Independent,
14 October 2005.
2. ^ Nasar 1998, pp. 368-369
3. ^ "The not so noble Nobel Prize", Samuel Brittan, The Financial
Times, 19 December 2003.
4. ^ Burton Feldman, The Nobel Prize: A History of Genius,
Controversy and Prestige, Arcade Publishing, November 2, 2000.
5. ^ "First Arab Nobel Prize Winner in Literature Dies at 94".
6. ^ "Tagore and His India".
7. ^ "Controversial Turkish Writer Wins Nobel Prize".
8. ^ "Edison and Tesla Win Nobel Prize in Physics", Literary
Digest, December 18, 1915.
9. ^ Cheney, Margaret, Tesla: Man Out of Time , ISBN 0-13-906859-7.
10. ^ Seifer, Marc J., Wizard, the Life and Times of Nikola Tesla,
ISBN 1-55972-329-7 (HC), ISBN 0-8065-1960-6 (SC).
11. ^ O'Neill, John H., Prodigal Genius, ISBN 0-914732-33-1.
12. ^ a b "Chinese Science and the 'Nobel Prize Complex'".
13. ^ "Disintegration of Heavy Nuclei", Niels Bohr, Nature, vol.
143, p. 330, February 25, 1939.
14. ^ "A Nobel Tale of Wartime Injustice", Crawford, Elisabeth /
Sime, Ruth Lewin / Walker, Mark, A Nobel Tale of Postwar Injustice,
Physics Today, 1997, Volume 50, Issue 9 (September), Page Numbers
26-32, ISSN 0031-9228.
15. ^ "Lilienfeld Biodata".
16. ^ a b c Tony Rothman, Everything's Relative and Other Fables
from Science and Technology.
17. ^ "Tiniest of Particles Pokes Big Hole in Physics Theory".
18. ^ "The E821 Muon (g-2) Home Page".
19. ^ "William Morse".
20. ^ "New g-2 Measurement Deviates Further From Standard Model".
21. ^ Mary and John Gribbin, A Life In Science: Richard Feynman.
22. ^ "George Zweig", Mega International.
23. ^ "Faces and places (page 3)", People, Cern Courier, Page 3 of
8. Article 22 of 24.
24. ^ Sharon Bertsch McGrayne, Nobel Prize Women in Science: Their
Lives, Struggles and Momentous Discoveries.
25. ^ "Evidence of Warped Spacetime"
26. ^ "New Binary Neutron Star Will Test Einstein", Robert Naeye,
December 12, 2003 Skytonight.com.
27. ^ "Nuclear Physical Scientist -- Wang Ganchang".
28. ^ a b "JOINT INSTITUTE FOR NUCLEAR RESEARCH".
29. ^ "U.S.-China Scientific Exchange", Zuoyue Wang, University of
California Press, Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological
Sciences, Fall 1999 v. 30, part 1, pp. 249-277.
30. ^ "A NEUTRINO TIMELINE".
31. ^ "Robert Oppenheimer".
32. ^ Kai Bird and Martin J. Sherwin. Knopf, AMERICAN PROMETHEUS.
33. ^ "streptomycin: arrogance and anger".
34. ^ Wainwright, Milton "A Response to William Kingston,
"Streptomycin, Schatz versus Waksman, and the balance of Credit for
Discovery"", Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences -
Volume 60, Number 2, April 2005, pp. 218-220, Oxford University Press.
35. ^ a b c d e Horace Freeland Judson, The Great Betrayal: Fraud in
Science, 1st. Ed., 2004.
36. ^ "What are China's new "four great inventions"?".
37. ^ "Niu Jingyi"
38. ^ "Wang Yinglai"
39. ^ Weiss R.A., Viral RNA-dependent DNA polymerase in virions of
Rous sarcoma virus, Reviews in Medical Virology, Vol. 8, No. 1, pp.
3-11(9), January/March 1998.
40. ^ T=F8nnesson, =D8yvind (1999-12-01). Mahatma Gandhi, the Missing
Laureate.
41. ^ (see "Biography")
42. ^ McElheny, Victor K. (2004). Watson and DNA: Making a
Scientific Revolution. Cambridge, MA: Basic Books, 211. ISBN
0-7382-0866-3.
43. ^ Anthony Flint, Behind Nobel, A Struggle for Recognition Some
Scientists Say Colleague of Beverly Researcher Deserved A Share of
Medical Prize, Globe Staff, Friday, November 5, 1993.
44. ^ Artificial DNA: Methods and Applications by Yury E. Khudyakov,
Howard A. Fields
45. ^ Life on the Edge: Amazing Creatures Thriving in Extreme
Environments by Michael Gross
46. ^ "Nobel Prize Challenged By Russians", The Moscow Times.com,
Tuesday, October 21, 1997.
47. ^ "Americans again dominate in science", Svenska CNN Writer
Bitte Roth, CNN Interactive.
48. ^ "U.S. Scientist Wins Nobel Prize for Controversial Work"
49. ^ "Fantastic Plastic" New Scientist, November 4, 2000, on-line
edition
50. ^ "Bitterness erupts in a Nobel pursuit"
51. ^ Kathleen E. Powderly's HNN article.
52. ^ Herman Carr's letter to Physics Today.
53. ^ Luluzhou, Scientists Question Nobel, Crimson Staff Writer,
December 06, 2005.
54. ^ Bots, M., Maughan, S. and Nieuwland, J. 2006. RNAi Nobel
ignores vital groundwork on plants. Nature. 443:206.
55. ^ "The Relikt Experiment".
56. ^ "Prognoz9".
57. ^ "Klypin et al 1987, Limits on Mikrowave Background
Anisotropies - the Relikt Experiment, Soviet Astronomy Letters, 13,
259 (1987)]"
58. ^ "Invisible Light: The Discovery of Radioactivity".
59. ^ "General Relativity Survives Gruelling Pulsar Test: Einstein
At Least 99.95 Percent Right", Particle Physics & Astronomy Research
Council, September 14, 2006.
60. ^ "Absent at the Creation; How one scientist made off with the
biggest invention since the light bulb", Ronald Kessler, The
Washington Post Magazine, April 06, 1997, Pg. 16.
61. ^ Dr. Roger Pearson, Shockley on Eugenics and Race.
62. ^ "Penicillin".
63. ^ "The History of Penicillin".
64. ^ "Biographical Note".
65. ^ "Decoding Bees' Wild Waggle Dances", Wendy M. Grossman, Wired
News, May, 13, 2005.
66. ^ "Dr Adrian M. Wenner"
67. ^ Sarasohn, Judy, Science on Trial: The Whistle-blower, the
Accused, and the Nobel Laureate, St. Martin's Press, New York, 1993.
68. ^ Fackelmann, Kathy A, "Regrets, Countercharges mark fraud
dispute (David Baltimore admits he was wrong to dispute Margot
O'Toole's allegations that Thereza Imanishi-Kari fabricated data in
science fraud case)", Science News, May 11, 1991.
69. ^ a b Bernstein, Jeremy, Science, Fraud & the Baltimore Case,
Commentary, Volume: 106, Issue: 6, December 1998, Page Number: 40.
70. ^ D. J. Kevles, The Baltimore Case: A Trial of Politics,
Science, and Character, January 13, 2000, (SC).
71. ^ "The Baltimore Affair: A Different View".
72. ^ Resnik, D. B., The Ethics of Science: An Introduction (The
Baltimore Affair), Routledge, 1998.
73. ^ "Dishonesty in Science".
74. ^ "[http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/MV/Views/Exhibit/narrative/
aids.html The Harold Varmus Papers: AIDS and HIV: Science, Politics,
and Controversy, 1981-1993]".
75. ^ Hal Hellman, Great Feuds in Medicine: Ten of the Liveliest
Disputes Ever, Wiley, Copyright 2001, 256 pages, ISBN 0-471-20833-7,
(HC).
76. ^ "Book Reviews: Great Feuds in Medicine: Ten of the Liveliest
Disputes Ever", reviewed by George Biro, MD, May 7, 2002.
77. ^ "HIV; Reality or Artefact?".
78. ^ The bombing of the King David Hotel at Irgun Site
79. ^ http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/europe/10/11/carter.nobel/index.h=
tml
80. ^ Sch=FCck et al. 1972, pp. 562-566
81. ^ a b c d Nobel Laureates Facts
82. ^ Sch=FCck et al. 1972, pp. 156-159
83. ^ Sch=FCck et al. 1972, p. 157
84. ^ a b Sch=FCck et al. 1950, p. 174
85. ^ Sch=FCck et al. 1950, pp. 174-175
86. ^ a b Sch=FCck et al. 1950, p. 172
87. ^ a b Sch=FCck et al. 1950, p. 173
88. ^ Hager 2006, p. 251
89. ^ Ryan 1993, pp. 119-120
90. ^ Sch=FCck et al. 1972, p. 158
91. ^ a b c Sch=FCck et al. 1972, p. 369
92. ^ a b Sch=FCck et al. 1972, p. 388
93. ^ Sch=FCck et al. 1972, p. 210
94. ^ Bishop 2003, pp. 18-19
[edit] Sources
* Bishop, J. Michael (2003), How to Win the Nobel Prize: An
Unexpected Life in Science, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press,
ISBN 0-674-00880-4.
* Hager, Thomas (2006), The Demon under the Microscope: from
battlefield hospitals to Nazi labs, one doctor's heroic search for the
world's first miracle drug, New York: Harmony Books, ISBN
1-4000-8213-7.
* Nasar, Sylvia (1998), A Beautiful Mind, New York, NY: Simon &
Schuster, ISBN 0-684-81906-6.
* Ryan, Frank (1993), The Forgotten Plague: How the Battle Against
Tuberculosis Was Won -- and Lost, Boston, MA: Little, Brown and
Company, ISBN 0-316-76380-2. First published in the United Kingdom as
Tuberculosis: The Greatest Story Never Told.
* Sch=FCck, Henrik; Sohlman, Ragnar & =D6sterling, Anders et al.
(1950), Nobel: The Man and His Prizes, Stockholm, Sweden: Nobel
Foundation.
* Sch=FCck, Henrik; Sohlman, Ragnar & =D6sterling, Anders et al.
(1972), Nobel Foundation & Odelberg, W., eds., Nobel: The Man and His
Prizes (3rd ed.), New York, NY: American Elsevier Publishing Company,
Inc, ISBN 0-444-00117-4.
[edit] External links
* Article on Why Was Gandhi Never Awarded the Nobel Peace Prize?
* BBC article on Nobel Peace Prize controversies
* CNN overview of Nobel prizes
* Declined papers that won Nobel prizes
* Nobel Foundation official site
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Nobel_Prize_controversies"
Categories: Cleanup from December 2006 | All pages needing cleanup |
All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced
statements since September 2007 | Articles with unsourced statements
since August 2007 | Articles with unsourced statements since October
2007 | Articles needing additional references from September 2007 |
Articles with weasel words | Articles with unsourced statements since
December 2007 | Nobel Prize | Discovery and invention controversies
Views
* Article
* Discussion
* Edit this page
* History
Personal tools
* Sign in / create account
Navigation
* Main Page
* Contents
* Featured content
* Current events
* Random article
interaction
* About Wikipedia
* Community portal
* Recent changes
* Contact Wikipedia
* Donate to Wikipedia
* Help
Search
Toolbox
* What links here
* Related changes
* Upload file
* Special pages
* Printable version
* Permanent link
* Cite this page
Powered by MediaWiki
Wikimedia Foundation
* This page was last modified 09:20, 20 January 2008.
* All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free
Documentation License. (See Copyrights for details.)
Wikipedia(R) is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia
Foundation, Inc., a U.S. registered 501(c)(3) tax-deductible nonprofit
charity.
* Privacy policy
* About Wikipedia
* Disclaimers
.
|
|
|
|
| User: "" |
|
| Title: Re: Israel's average IQ is 94, at the lower end of the European range |
24 Jan 2008 02:50:03 PM |
|
|
On 24 jan, 21:36, "nowarforisrael.com" <gfhdtr6yd...@googlemail.com>
wrote:
On Jan 24, 8:21 pm, Calimero <calimero...@gmx.de> wrote:
Yeah, that's why the jews have had so few Nobel Prize winners.
Oh wait ....
Good, you mentioned the nobel prize. The nobel prize is a prize
invented and judged by Jews and they give all the prizes to
themselves. It's laughable. They gave the man who invented dynamite
the nobel peace prize. Sharp-witted?
Compare how time they ha | | | |
