http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2003/18jun_approachingmars.htm

Approaching Mars
NASA Science News
June 18, 2003

Earth and Mars are converging for a close encounter in August. The red
planet is already an appealing target for sky watchers.


Count slowly: one one-thousand, two one-thousand, three
one-thousand.... You just got about 30 km closer to the planet Mars.

Earth and Mars are rapidly converging. On August 27, 2003--the date of
closest approach--the two worlds will be 56 million km apart. That's a long
way by Earth standards, but only a short distance on the scale of the solar
system. NASA, the European Space Agency and Japan are all sending spacecraft
to Mars this year. It's a good time to go.

Between now and August, Mars will brighten until it "blazes forth against
the dark background of space with a splendor that outshines Sirius and
rivals the giant Jupiter himself." Astronomer Percival Lowell, who famously
mapped the canals of Mars, wrote those words to describe the planet during a
similar close encounter in the 19th century.

Already Mars is eye-catching. You can see it this month in the morning
sky--bright, steady and remarkably red. Only Venus near the sun is brighter.

Amateur astronomers looking through backyard telescopes have reported in
recent days great views of Mars's south polar cap. Made of frozen water and
carbon dioxide ("dry ice"), it reflects sunlight well. "I can see the polar
ice vividly using my 8-inch telescope," says Ron Wayman of Tampa, Florida.
He's also spotted "some faint darker-shaded areas on the surface."

Such markings will become clearer in the weeks ahead. On June 1st Mars was
12.5 arcseconds across and it glowed like a -1st magnitude star. On August
27th it will be twice as wide (25 arcseconds) and six times brighter
(magnitude -2.9).

Much has been made of the fact that the August 27th encounter with Mars is
the closest in some 60,000 years. Neanderthals were the last to observe Mars
so favorably placed. This is true. It's also a bit of hype. Mars and Earth
have been almost this close many times in recent history.

Some examples: Aug. 23, 1924; Aug. 18, 1845; Aug. 13, 1766. In each case
Mars and Earth were approximately 56 million km apart.

Astronomers call these close encounters "perihelic oppositions." Perihelic
means Mars is near perihelion--its closest approach to the sun. (The orbit
of Mars, like that of all planets, is an ellipse, so the distance between
the sun and Mars varies.) Opposition means that the sun, Earth and Mars are
in a straight line with Earth in the middle. Mars and the sun are on
opposite sides of the sky. When Mars is at opposition and at perihelion--at
the same time--it is very close to Earth.

August 27th is indeed the best perihelic opposition since the days of the
Neanderthals, but it scarcely differs from other more recent ones. That's
fine because all perihelic oppositions of Mars are spectacular.

Mars is a morning planet now. You have to wake up early to see it. Soon,
though, it will be more conveniently placed. By mid-July Mars will rise in
the east around 11 p.m. local time. In late August it will appear as soon as
the sun sets. It won't be long before everyone can see Mars at a civilized
hour.

We'll be telling more stories about Mars in the weeks ahead. This one,
though, is finished. Did you make it to the end? Congratulations! You're now
2000 km closer to Mars.